/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Programmer(s): David J. Gardner @ LLNL
 *                Daniel R. Reynolds @ SMU
 * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * SUNDIALS Copyright Start
 * Copyright (c) 2002-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security
 * and Southern Methodist University.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 * SUNDIALS Copyright End
 * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * Example problem:
 *
 * The following test simulates a simple anisotropic 2D heat equation,
 *
 *   u_t = kx u_xx + ky u_yy + b,
 *
 * for t in [0, 1] and (x,y) in [0, 1]^2, with initial conditions
 *
 *   u(0,x,y) = sin^2(pi x) sin^2(pi y),
 *
 * stationary boundary conditions
 *
 *   u_t(t,0,y) = u_t(t,1,y) = u_t(t,x,0) = u_t(t,x,1) = 0,
 *
 * and the heat source
 *
 *   b(t,x,y) = -2 pi sin^2(pi x) sin^2(pi y) sin(pi t) cos(pi t)
 *              - kx 2 pi^2 (cos^2(pi x) - sin^2(pi x)) sin^2(pi y) cos^2(pi t)
 *              - ky 2 pi^2 (cos^2(pi y) - sin^2(pi y)) sin^2(pi x) cos^2(pi t).
 *
 * Under this setup, the problem has the analytical solution
 *
 *    u(t,x,y) = sin^2(pi x) sin^2(pi y) cos^2(pi t).
 *
 * The spatial derivatives are computed using second-order centered differences,
 * with the data distributed over nx * ny points on a uniform spatial grid. The
 * problem is advanced in time with BDF methods using an inexact Newton method
 * paired with the PCG or SPGMR linear solver using hypre's PFMG preconditioner.
 * Several command line options are available to change the problem parameters
 * and CVODE settings. Use the flag --help for more information.
 * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <cmath>
#include <cstdio>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <sstream>

#include "HYPRE_struct_ls.h"          // HYPRE structured grid solver interface
#include "cvode/cvode.h"              // access to CVODE
#include "mpi.h"                      // MPI header file
#include "nvector/nvector_parallel.h" // access to the MPI N_Vector
#include "sundials/sundials_core.hpp"
#include "sunlinsol/sunlinsol_pcg.h"   // access to PCG SUNLinearSolver
#include "sunlinsol/sunlinsol_spgmr.h" // access to SPGMR SUNLinearSolver

// Macros for problem constants
#define PI    SUN_RCONST(3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169)
#define ZERO  SUN_RCONST(0.0)
#define ONE   SUN_RCONST(1.0)
#define TWO   SUN_RCONST(2.0)
#define EIGHT SUN_RCONST(8.0)

// Macro to access (x,y) location in 1D NVector array
#define IDX(x, y, n) ((n) * (y) + (x))

using namespace std;

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// User data structure
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

struct UserData
{
  UserData(sundials::Context&);
  ~UserData();

  // SUNDIALS simulation context
  sundials::Context& sunctx;

  // Diffusion coefficients in the x and y directions
  sunrealtype kx;
  sunrealtype ky;

  // Enable/disable forcing
  bool forcing;

  // Final time
  sunrealtype tf;

  // Upper bounds in x and y directions
  sunrealtype xu;
  sunrealtype yu;

  // Global number of nodes in the x and y directions
  sunindextype nx;
  sunindextype ny;

  // Global total number of nodes
  sunindextype nodes;

  // Mesh spacing in the x and y directions
  sunrealtype dx;
  sunrealtype dy;

  // Local number of nodes in the x and y directions
  sunindextype nx_loc;
  sunindextype ny_loc;

  // Overall number of local nodes
  sunindextype nodes_loc;

  // Global x and y indices of this subdomain
  sunindextype is; // x starting index
  sunindextype ie; // x ending index
  sunindextype js; // y starting index
  sunindextype je; // y ending index

  // MPI variables
  MPI_Comm comm_c; // Cartesian communicator in space

  int nprocs_w; // total number of MPI processes in Comm world
  int npx;      // number of MPI processes in the x-direction
  int npy;      // number of MPI processes in the y-direction

  int myid_c; // process ID in Cartesian communicator

  // Flags denoting if this process has a neighbor
  bool HaveNbrW;
  bool HaveNbrE;
  bool HaveNbrS;
  bool HaveNbrN;

  // Neighbor IDs for exchange
  int ipW;
  int ipE;
  int ipS;
  int ipN;

  // Receive buffers for neighbor exchange
  sunrealtype* Wrecv;
  sunrealtype* Erecv;
  sunrealtype* Srecv;
  sunrealtype* Nrecv;

  // Receive requests for neighbor exchange
  MPI_Request reqRW;
  MPI_Request reqRE;
  MPI_Request reqRS;
  MPI_Request reqRN;

  // Send buffers for neighbor exchange
  sunrealtype* Wsend;
  sunrealtype* Esend;
  sunrealtype* Ssend;
  sunrealtype* Nsend;

  // Send requests for neighor exchange
  MPI_Request reqSW;
  MPI_Request reqSE;
  MPI_Request reqSS;
  MPI_Request reqSN;

  // Integrator settings
  sunrealtype rtol; // relative tolerance
  sunrealtype atol; // absolute tolerance
  int maxsteps;     // max number of steps between outputs

  // Linear solver and preconditioner settings
  bool pcg;           // use PCG (true) or GMRES (false)
  bool prec;          // preconditioner on/off
  bool matvec;        // use hypre matrix-vector product
  int liniters;       // number of linear iterations
  int msbp;           // max number of steps between preconditioner setups
  sunrealtype epslin; // linear solver tolerance factor

  // hypre objects
  HYPRE_StructGrid grid;
  HYPRE_StructStencil stencil;
  HYPRE_StructMatrix Jmatrix;
  HYPRE_StructMatrix Amatrix;
  HYPRE_StructVector bvec;
  HYPRE_StructVector xvec;
  HYPRE_StructVector vvec;
  HYPRE_StructVector Jvvec;
  HYPRE_StructSolver precond;

  // hypre grid extents
  HYPRE_Int ilower[2];
  HYPRE_Int iupper[2];

  // hypre workspace
  HYPRE_Int nwork;
  HYPRE_Real* work;

  // hypre counters
  HYPRE_Int pfmg_its;

  // hypre PFMG settings (hypre defaults)
  HYPRE_Int pfmg_relax;  // type of relaxation:
                         //   0 - Jacobi
                         //   1 - Weighted Jacobi
                         //   2 - symmetric R/B Gauss-Seidel (*)
                         //   3 - nonsymmetric R/B Gauss-Seidel
  HYPRE_Int pfmg_nrelax; // number of pre and post relaxation sweeps (2)

  // Ouput variables
  int output;    // output level
  int nout;      // number of output times
  ofstream uout; // output file stream
  ofstream eout; // error file stream
  N_Vector e;    // error vector

  // Timing variables
  bool timing; // print timings
  double evolvetime;
  double rhstime;
  double matfilltime;
  double jvtime;
  double psetuptime;
  double psolvetime;
  double exchangetime;
};

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions provided to the SUNDIALS integrator
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// ODE right hand side function
static int f(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, N_Vector f, void* user_data);

// Jacobian-vector product function
static int JTimes(N_Vector v, N_Vector Jv, sunrealtype t, N_Vector y,
                  N_Vector fy, void* user_data, N_Vector tmp);

// Preconditioner setup and solve functions
static int PSetup(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, N_Vector f, sunbooleantype jok,
                  sunbooleantype* jcurPtr, sunrealtype gamma, void* user_data);

static int PSolve(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, N_Vector f, N_Vector r, N_Vector z,
                  sunrealtype gamma, sunrealtype delta, int lr, void* user_data);

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Helper functions
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Setup the parallel decomposition
static int SetupDecomp(MPI_Comm comm_w, UserData* udata);

// Perform neighbor exchange
static int PostRecv(UserData* udata);
static int SendData(N_Vector y, UserData* udata);
static int WaitRecv(UserData* udata);

// Create hypre objects
static int SetupHypre(UserData* udata);

// Fill Jacobian and A = I - gamma * J
static int Jac(UserData* udata);
static int ScaleAddI(UserData* udata, sunrealtype gamma);

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// UserData and input functions
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Read the command line inputs and set UserData values
static int ReadInputs(int* argc, char*** argv, UserData* udata, bool outproc);

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Output and utility functions
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Compute the true solution
static int Solution(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, UserData* udata);

// Compute the solution error solution
static int SolutionError(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, N_Vector e, UserData* udata);

// Print the command line options
static void InputHelp();

// Print some UserData information
static int PrintUserData(UserData* udata);

// Output solution and error
static int OpenOutput(UserData* udata);
static int WriteOutput(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, UserData* udata);
static int CloseOutput(UserData* udata);

// Print integration statistics
static int OutputStats(void* cvode_mem, UserData* udata);

// Print integration timing
static int OutputTiming(UserData* udata);

// Check function return values
static int check_flag(void* flagvalue, const string funcname, int opt);

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Main Program
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  int flag; // reusable error-checking flag

  // Timing variables
  double t1 = 0.0;
  double t2 = 0.0;

  // MPI variables
  MPI_Comm comm_w = MPI_COMM_WORLD; // MPI communicator
  int myid;                         // MPI process ID

  // Initialize MPI
  flag = MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "MPI_Init", 1)) { return 1; }

  flag = MPI_Comm_rank(comm_w, &myid);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "MPI_Comm_rank", 1)) { return 1; }

  // Create a new scope so that sundials::Context is deleted
  // prior to the MPI_Finalize() call.
  {
    UserData* udata    = NULL; // user data structure
    N_Vector u         = NULL; // vector for storing solution
    SUNLinearSolver LS = NULL; // linear solver memory structure
    void* cvode_mem    = NULL; // CVODE memory structure

    // SUNDIALS context
    sundials::Context sunctx(comm_w);

    // Set output process flag
    bool outproc = (myid == 0);

    // ------------------------------------------
    // Setup UserData and parallel decomposition
    // ------------------------------------------

    // Allocate and initialize user data structure with default values. The
    // defaults may be overwritten by command line inputs in ReadInputs below.
    udata = new UserData(sunctx);

    // Parse command line inputs
    flag = ReadInputs(&argc, &argv, udata, outproc);
    if (flag != 0) { return 1; }

    // Setup parallel decomposition
    flag = SetupDecomp(comm_w, udata);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "SetupDecomp", 1)) { return 1; }

    // Output problem setup/options
    if (outproc)
    {
      flag = PrintUserData(udata);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "PrintUserData", 1)) { return 1; }
    }

    // ------------------------
    // Create parallel vectors
    // ------------------------

    // Create vector for solution
    u = N_VNew_Parallel(udata->comm_c, udata->nodes_loc, udata->nodes, sunctx);
    if (check_flag((void*)u, "N_VNew_Parallel", 0)) { return 1; }

    // Set initial condition
    flag = Solution(ZERO, u, udata);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "Solution", 1)) { return 1; }

    // Create vector for error
    udata->e = N_VClone(u);
    if (check_flag((void*)(udata->e), "N_VClone", 0)) { return 1; }

    // ---------------------
    // Create linear solver
    // ---------------------

    // Create linear solver
    int prectype = (udata->prec) ? SUN_PREC_RIGHT : SUN_PREC_NONE;

    if (udata->pcg)
    {
      LS = SUNLinSol_PCG(u, prectype, udata->liniters, sunctx);
      if (check_flag((void*)LS, "SUNLinSol_PCG", 0)) { return 1; }
    }
    else
    {
      LS = SUNLinSol_SPGMR(u, prectype, udata->liniters, sunctx);
      if (check_flag((void*)LS, "SUNLinSol_SPGMR", 0)) { return 1; }
    }

    // ---------------------
    // Create hypre objects
    // ---------------------

    if (udata->prec || udata->matvec)
    {
      flag = SetupHypre(udata);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "SetupHypre", 1)) { return 1; }
    }

    // --------------
    // Setup CVODE
    // --------------

    // Create integrator
    cvode_mem = CVodeCreate(CV_BDF, sunctx);
    if (check_flag((void*)cvode_mem, "CVodeCreate", 0)) { return 1; }

    // Initialize integrator
    flag = CVodeInit(cvode_mem, f, ZERO, u);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeInit", 1)) { return 1; }

    // Specify tolerances
    flag = CVodeSStolerances(cvode_mem, udata->rtol, udata->atol);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSStolerances", 1)) { return 1; }

    // Attach user data
    flag = CVodeSetUserData(cvode_mem, (void*)udata);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSetUserData", 1)) { return 1; }

    // Attach linear solver
    flag = CVodeSetLinearSolver(cvode_mem, LS, NULL);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSetLinearSolver", 1)) { return 1; }

    if (udata->matvec)
    {
      // Attach Jacobian-vector product function
      flag = CVodeSetJacTimes(cvode_mem, NULL, JTimes);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSetJacTimes", 1)) { return 1; }
    }

    if (udata->prec)
    {
      // Attach preconditioner
      flag = CVodeSetPreconditioner(cvode_mem, PSetup, PSolve);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSetPreconditioner", 1)) { return 1; }

      // Set linear solver setup frequency (update preconditioner)
      flag = CVodeSetLSetupFrequency(cvode_mem, udata->msbp);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSetLSetupFrequency", 1)) { return 1; }
    }

    // Set linear solver tolerance factor
    flag = CVodeSetEpsLin(cvode_mem, udata->epslin);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSetEpsLin", 1)) { return 1; }

    // Set max steps between outputs
    flag = CVodeSetMaxNumSteps(cvode_mem, udata->maxsteps);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSetMaxNumSteps", 1)) { return 1; }

    // Set stopping time
    flag = CVodeSetStopTime(cvode_mem, udata->tf);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeSetStopTime", 1)) { return 1; }

    // -----------------------
    // Loop over output times
    // -----------------------

    sunrealtype t     = ZERO;
    sunrealtype dTout = udata->tf / udata->nout;
    sunrealtype tout  = dTout;

    // Inital output
    flag = OpenOutput(udata);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "OpenOutput", 1)) { return 1; }

    flag = WriteOutput(t, u, udata);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "WriteOutput", 1)) { return 1; }

    for (int iout = 0; iout < udata->nout; iout++)
    {
      // Start timer
      t1 = MPI_Wtime();

      // Evolve in time
      flag = CVode(cvode_mem, tout, u, &t, CV_NORMAL);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "CVode", 1)) { break; }

      // Stop timer
      t2 = MPI_Wtime();

      // Update timer
      udata->evolvetime += t2 - t1;

      // Output solution and error
      flag = WriteOutput(t, u, udata);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "WriteOutput", 1)) { return 1; }

      // Update output time
      tout += dTout;
      tout = (tout > udata->tf) ? udata->tf : tout;
    }

    // Close output
    flag = CloseOutput(udata);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CloseOutput", 1)) { return 1; }

    // --------------
    // Final outputs
    // --------------

    // Print final integrator stats
    if (udata->output > 0 && outproc)
    {
      cout << "Final integrator statistics:" << endl;
      flag = OutputStats(cvode_mem, udata);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "OutputStats", 1)) { return 1; }
    }

    if (udata->forcing)
    {
      // Output final error
      flag = SolutionError(t, u, udata->e, udata);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "SolutionError", 1)) { return 1; }

      sunrealtype maxerr = N_VMaxNorm(udata->e);

      if (outproc)
      {
        cout << scientific;
        cout << setprecision(numeric_limits<sunrealtype>::digits10);
        cout << "  Max error = " << maxerr << endl;
      }
    }

    // Print timing
    if (udata->timing)
    {
      flag = OutputTiming(udata);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "OutputTiming", 1)) { return 1; }
    }

    // --------------------
    // Clean up and return
    // --------------------

    CVodeFree(&cvode_mem); // Free integrator memory
    SUNLinSolFree(LS);     // Free linear solver
    N_VDestroy(u);         // Free vectors
    delete udata;
  }

  flag = MPI_Finalize(); // Finalize MPI
  return 0;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Setup the parallel decomposition
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

static int SetupDecomp(MPI_Comm comm_w, UserData* udata)
{
  int flag;

  // Check that this has not been called before
  if (udata->Erecv != NULL || udata->Wrecv != NULL || udata->Srecv != NULL ||
      udata->Nrecv != NULL)
  {
    cerr << "SetupDecomp error: parallel decomposition already set up" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Get the number of processes
  flag = MPI_Comm_size(comm_w, &(udata->nprocs_w));
  if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
  {
    cerr << "Error in MPI_Comm_size = " << flag << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Check the processor grid
  if ((udata->npx * udata->npy) != udata->nprocs_w)
  {
    cerr << "Error: npx * npy != nproc" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Set up 2D Cartesian communicator
  int dims[2];
  dims[0] = udata->npx;
  dims[1] = udata->npy;

  int periods[2];
  periods[0] = 0;
  periods[1] = 0;

  flag = MPI_Cart_create(comm_w, 2, dims, periods, 0, &(udata->comm_c));
  if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
  {
    cerr << "Error in MPI_Cart_create = " << flag << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Get my rank in the new Cartesian communicator
  flag = MPI_Comm_rank(udata->comm_c, &(udata->myid_c));
  if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
  {
    cerr << "Error in MPI_Comm_rank = " << flag << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Get dimension of the Cartesian communicator and my coordinates
  int coords[2];
  flag = MPI_Cart_get(udata->comm_c, 2, dims, periods, coords);
  if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
  {
    cerr << "Error in MPI_Cart_get = " << flag << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Determine local extents in x-direction
  int idx         = coords[0];
  sunindextype qx = udata->nx / dims[0];
  sunindextype rx = udata->nx % dims[0];

  udata->is = qx * idx + (idx < rx ? idx : rx);
  udata->ie = udata->is + qx - 1 + (idx < rx ? 1 : 0);

  // Sanity check
  if (udata->ie > (udata->nx - 1))
  {
    cerr << "Error ie > nx - 1" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Determine local extents in y-direction
  int idy         = coords[1];
  sunindextype qy = udata->ny / dims[1];
  sunindextype ry = udata->ny % dims[1];

  udata->js = qy * idy + (idy < ry ? idy : ry);
  udata->je = udata->js + qy - 1 + (idy < ry ? 1 : 0);

  // Sanity check
  if (udata->je > (udata->ny - 1))
  {
    cerr << "Error je > ny - 1" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Number of local nodes
  udata->nx_loc = (udata->ie) - (udata->is) + 1;
  udata->ny_loc = (udata->je) - (udata->js) + 1;

  // Initialize global and local vector lengths
  udata->nodes     = udata->nx * udata->ny;
  udata->nodes_loc = udata->nx_loc * udata->ny_loc;

  // Determine if this proc has neighbors
  udata->HaveNbrW = (udata->is != 0);
  udata->HaveNbrE = (udata->ie != udata->nx - 1);
  udata->HaveNbrS = (udata->js != 0);
  udata->HaveNbrN = (udata->je != udata->ny - 1);

  // Allocate exchange buffers if necessary
  if (udata->HaveNbrW)
  {
    udata->Wrecv = new sunrealtype[udata->ny_loc];
    udata->Wsend = new sunrealtype[udata->ny_loc];
  }
  if (udata->HaveNbrE)
  {
    udata->Erecv = new sunrealtype[udata->ny_loc];
    udata->Esend = new sunrealtype[udata->ny_loc];
  }
  if (udata->HaveNbrS)
  {
    udata->Srecv = new sunrealtype[udata->nx_loc];
    udata->Ssend = new sunrealtype[udata->nx_loc];
  }
  if (udata->HaveNbrN)
  {
    udata->Nrecv = new sunrealtype[udata->nx_loc];
    udata->Nsend = new sunrealtype[udata->nx_loc];
  }

  // MPI neighborhood information
  int nbcoords[2];

  // West neighbor
  if (udata->HaveNbrW)
  {
    nbcoords[0] = coords[0] - 1;
    nbcoords[1] = coords[1];
    flag        = MPI_Cart_rank(udata->comm_c, nbcoords, &(udata->ipW));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Cart_rank = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // East neighbor
  if (udata->HaveNbrE)
  {
    nbcoords[0] = coords[0] + 1;
    nbcoords[1] = coords[1];
    flag        = MPI_Cart_rank(udata->comm_c, nbcoords, &(udata->ipE));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Cart_rank = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // South neighbor
  if (udata->HaveNbrS)
  {
    nbcoords[0] = coords[0];
    nbcoords[1] = coords[1] - 1;
    flag        = MPI_Cart_rank(udata->comm_c, nbcoords, &(udata->ipS));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Cart_rank = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // North neighbor
  if (udata->HaveNbrN)
  {
    nbcoords[0] = coords[0];
    nbcoords[1] = coords[1] + 1;
    flag        = MPI_Cart_rank(udata->comm_c, nbcoords, &(udata->ipN));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Cart_rank = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions called by the integrator
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// f routine to compute the ODE RHS function f(t,y).
static int f(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, N_Vector f, void* user_data)
{
  int flag;
  sunindextype i, j;

  // Start timer
  double t1 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Access problem data
  UserData* udata = (UserData*)user_data;

  // Open exchange receives
  flag = PostRecv(udata);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "PostRecv", 1)) { return -1; }

  // Send exchange data
  flag = SendData(u, udata);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "SendData", 1)) { return -1; }

  // Shortcuts to local number of nodes
  sunindextype nx_loc = udata->nx_loc;
  sunindextype ny_loc = udata->ny_loc;

  // Determine iteration range excluding the overall domain boundary
  sunindextype istart = (udata->HaveNbrW) ? 0 : 1;
  sunindextype iend   = (udata->HaveNbrE) ? nx_loc : nx_loc - 1;
  sunindextype jstart = (udata->HaveNbrS) ? 0 : 1;
  sunindextype jend   = (udata->HaveNbrN) ? ny_loc : ny_loc - 1;

  // Constants for computing diffusion term
  sunrealtype cx = udata->kx / (udata->dx * udata->dx);
  sunrealtype cy = udata->ky / (udata->dy * udata->dy);
  sunrealtype cc = -TWO * (cx + cy);

  // Access data arrays
  sunrealtype* uarray = N_VGetArrayPointer(u);
  if (check_flag((void*)uarray, "N_VGetArrayPointer", 0)) { return -1; }

  sunrealtype* farray = N_VGetArrayPointer(f);
  if (check_flag((void*)farray, "N_VGetArrayPointer", 0)) { return -1; }

  // Initialize rhs vector to zero (handles boundary conditions)
  N_VConst(ZERO, f);

  // Iterate over subdomain and compute rhs forcing term
  if (udata->forcing)
  {
    sunrealtype x, y;
    sunrealtype sin_sqr_x, sin_sqr_y;
    sunrealtype cos_sqr_x, cos_sqr_y;

    sunrealtype bx = (udata->kx) * TWO * PI * PI;
    sunrealtype by = (udata->ky) * TWO * PI * PI;

    sunrealtype sin_t_cos_t = sin(PI * t) * cos(PI * t);
    sunrealtype cos_sqr_t   = cos(PI * t) * cos(PI * t);

    for (j = jstart; j < jend; j++)
    {
      for (i = istart; i < iend; i++)
      {
        x = (udata->is + i) * udata->dx;
        y = (udata->js + j) * udata->dy;

        sin_sqr_x = sin(PI * x) * sin(PI * x);
        sin_sqr_y = sin(PI * y) * sin(PI * y);

        cos_sqr_x = cos(PI * x) * cos(PI * x);
        cos_sqr_y = cos(PI * y) * cos(PI * y);

        farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] =
          -TWO * PI * sin_sqr_x * sin_sqr_y * sin_t_cos_t -
          bx * (cos_sqr_x - sin_sqr_x) * sin_sqr_y * cos_sqr_t -
          by * (cos_sqr_y - sin_sqr_y) * sin_sqr_x * cos_sqr_t;
      }
    }
  }

  // Iterate over subdomain interior and add rhs diffusion term
  for (j = 1; j < ny_loc - 1; j++)
  {
    for (i = 1; i < nx_loc - 1; i++)
    {
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (uarray[IDX(i - 1, j, nx_loc)] + uarray[IDX(i + 1, j, nx_loc)]) +
        cy * (uarray[IDX(i, j - 1, nx_loc)] + uarray[IDX(i, j + 1, nx_loc)]);
    }
  }

  // Wait for exchange receives
  flag = WaitRecv(udata);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "WaitRecv", 1)) { return -1; }

  // Iterate over subdomain boundaries and add rhs diffusion term
  sunrealtype* Warray = udata->Wrecv;
  sunrealtype* Earray = udata->Erecv;
  sunrealtype* Sarray = udata->Srecv;
  sunrealtype* Narray = udata->Nrecv;

  // West face (updates south-west and north-west corners if necessary)
  if (udata->HaveNbrW)
  {
    i = 0;
    if (udata->HaveNbrS) // South-West corner
    {
      j = 0;
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (Warray[j] + uarray[IDX(i + 1, j, nx_loc)]) +
        cy * (Sarray[i] + uarray[IDX(i, j + 1, nx_loc)]);
    }

    for (j = 1; j < ny_loc - 1; j++)
    {
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (Warray[j] + uarray[IDX(i + 1, j, nx_loc)]) +
        cy * (uarray[IDX(i, j - 1, nx_loc)] + uarray[IDX(i, j + 1, nx_loc)]);
    }

    if (udata->HaveNbrN) // North-West corner
    {
      j = ny_loc - 1;
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (Warray[j] + uarray[IDX(i + 1, j, nx_loc)]) +
        cy * (uarray[IDX(i, j - 1, nx_loc)] + Narray[i]);
    }
  }

  // East face (updates south-east and north-east corners if necessary)
  if (udata->HaveNbrE)
  {
    i = nx_loc - 1;
    if (udata->HaveNbrS) // South-East corner
    {
      j = 0;
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (uarray[IDX(i - 1, j, nx_loc)] + Earray[j]) +
        cy * (Sarray[i] + uarray[IDX(i, j + 1, nx_loc)]);
    }

    for (j = 1; j < ny_loc - 1; j++)
    {
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (uarray[IDX(i - 1, j, nx_loc)] + Earray[j]) +
        cy * (uarray[IDX(i, j - 1, nx_loc)] + uarray[IDX(i, j + 1, nx_loc)]);
    }

    if (udata->HaveNbrN) // North-East corner
    {
      j = ny_loc - 1;
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (uarray[IDX(i - 1, j, nx_loc)] + Earray[j]) +
        cy * (uarray[IDX(i, j - 1, nx_loc)] + Narray[i]);
    }
  }

  // South face (excludes corners)
  if (udata->HaveNbrS)
  {
    j = 0;
    for (i = 1; i < nx_loc - 1; i++)
    {
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (uarray[IDX(i - 1, j, nx_loc)] + uarray[IDX(i + 1, j, nx_loc)]) +
        cy * (Sarray[i] + uarray[IDX(i, j + 1, nx_loc)]);
    }
  }

  // North face (excludes corners)
  if (udata->HaveNbrN)
  {
    j = udata->ny_loc - 1;
    for (i = 1; i < nx_loc - 1; i++)
    {
      farray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +=
        cc * uarray[IDX(i, j, nx_loc)] +
        cx * (uarray[IDX(i - 1, j, nx_loc)] + uarray[IDX(i + 1, j, nx_loc)]) +
        cy * (uarray[IDX(i, j - 1, nx_loc)] + Narray[i]);
    }
  }

  // Stop timer
  double t2 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Update timer
  udata->rhstime += t2 - t1;

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// Jacobian-vector product function
static int JTimes(N_Vector v, N_Vector Jv, sunrealtype t, N_Vector y,
                  N_Vector fy, void* user_data, N_Vector tmp)
{
  int flag;

  // Start timer
  double t1 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Access problem data
  UserData* udata = (UserData*)user_data;

  // Insert input N_Vector entries into HYPRE vector and assemble
  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorSetBoxValues(udata->vvec, udata->ilower,
                                        udata->iupper, N_VGetArrayPointer(v));
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorAssemble(udata->vvec);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Initialize output HYPRE vector and assemble
  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorSetConstantValues(udata->Jvvec, ZERO);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorAssemble(udata->Jvvec);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Compute the matrix-vector product
  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixMatvec(ONE, udata->Jmatrix, udata->vvec, ZERO,
                                  udata->Jvvec);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Extract matrix-vector product values
  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorGetBoxValues(udata->Jvvec, udata->ilower,
                                        udata->iupper, N_VGetArrayPointer(Jv));
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Stop timer
  double t2 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Update timer
  udata->jvtime += t2 - t1;

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// Preconditioner setup routine
static int PSetup(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, N_Vector f, sunbooleantype jok,
                  sunbooleantype* jcurPtr, sunrealtype gamma, void* user_data)
{
  int flag;

  // Start timer
  double t1 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Access problem data
  UserData* udata = (UserData*)user_data;

  // Fill matrix A = I - gamma * J
  flag = ScaleAddI(udata, gamma);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Assemble matrix
  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixAssemble(udata->Amatrix);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Indicate that the jacobian is current
  *jcurPtr = SUNTRUE;

  // -----------
  // Setup PFMG
  // -----------

  // Set rhs/solution vectors as all zero for now
  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorSetConstantValues(udata->bvec, ZERO);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorAssemble(udata->bvec);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorSetConstantValues(udata->xvec, ZERO);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorAssemble(udata->xvec);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Free the existing preconditioner if necessary
  if (udata->precond) { HYPRE_StructPFMGDestroy(udata->precond); }

  // Create the new preconditioner
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGCreate(udata->comm_c, &(udata->precond));
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Signal that the inital guess is zero
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSetZeroGuess(udata->precond);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // tol <= 0.0 means do the max number of iterations
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSetTol(udata->precond, ZERO);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Use one v-cycle
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSetMaxIter(udata->precond, 1);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Use non-Galerkin corase grid operator
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSetRAPType(udata->precond, 1);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Set the relaxation type
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSetRelaxType(udata->precond, udata->pfmg_relax);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Set the number of pre and post relaxation sweeps
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSetNumPreRelax(udata->precond, udata->pfmg_nrelax);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSetNumPostRelax(udata->precond, udata->pfmg_nrelax);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Set up the solver
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSetup(udata->precond, udata->Amatrix, udata->bvec,
                               udata->xvec);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Stop timer
  double t2 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Update timer
  udata->psetuptime += t2 - t1;

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// Preconditioner solve routine for Pz = r
static int PSolve(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, N_Vector f, N_Vector r, N_Vector z,
                  sunrealtype gamma, sunrealtype delta, int lr, void* user_data)
{
  int flag;

  // Start timer
  double t1 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Access user_data structure
  UserData* udata = (UserData*)user_data;

  // Insert rhs N_Vector entries into HYPRE vector b and assemble
  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorSetBoxValues(udata->bvec, udata->ilower,
                                        udata->iupper, N_VGetArrayPointer(r));
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorAssemble(udata->bvec);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Set the initial guess into HYPRE vector x and assemble
  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorSetConstantValues(udata->xvec, ZERO);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorAssemble(udata->xvec);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Solve the linear system
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGSolve(udata->precond, udata->Amatrix, udata->bvec,
                               udata->xvec);

  // If a convergence error occured, clear the error and continue. For any
  // other error return with a recoverable error.
  if (flag == HYPRE_ERROR_CONV) { HYPRE_ClearError(HYPRE_ERROR_CONV); }
  else if (flag != 0) { return 1; }

  // Update precond statistics
  HYPRE_Int itmp;
  flag = HYPRE_StructPFMGGetNumIterations(udata->precond, &itmp);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  udata->pfmg_its += itmp;

  // Extract solution values
  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorGetBoxValues(udata->xvec, udata->ilower,
                                        udata->iupper, N_VGetArrayPointer(z));
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Stop timer
  double t2 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Update timer
  udata->psolvetime += t2 - t1;

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Preconditioner helper functions
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Create hypre objects
static int SetupHypre(UserData* udata)
{
  int flag, result;

  // Check input
  if (udata == NULL) { return -1; }

  // Check if the grid or stencil have been created
  if ((udata->grid != NULL || udata->stencil != NULL))
  {
    cerr << "SetupHypre error: grid or stencil already exists" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // Check for valid 2D Cartesian MPI communicator
  flag = MPI_Topo_test(udata->comm_c, &result);
  if ((flag != MPI_SUCCESS) || (result != MPI_CART))
  {
    cerr << "SetupHypre error: communicator is not Cartesian" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  flag = MPI_Cartdim_get(udata->comm_c, &result);
  if ((flag != MPI_SUCCESS) || (result != 2))
  {
    cerr << "SetupHypre error: communicator is not 2D" << endl;
    return -1;
  }

  // -----
  // Grid
  // -----

  // Create 2D grid object
  flag = HYPRE_StructGridCreate(udata->comm_c, 2, &(udata->grid));
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  // Set grid extents (lower left and upper right corners)
  udata->ilower[0] = udata->is;
  udata->ilower[1] = udata->js;

  udata->iupper[0] = udata->ie;
  udata->iupper[1] = udata->je;

  flag = HYPRE_StructGridSetExtents(udata->grid, udata->ilower, udata->iupper);
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  // Assemble the grid
  flag = HYPRE_StructGridAssemble(udata->grid);
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  // --------
  // Stencil
  // --------

  // Create the 2D 5 point stencil object
  flag = HYPRE_StructStencilCreate(2, 5, &(udata->stencil));
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  // Set the stencil entries (center, left, right, bottom, top)
  HYPRE_Int offsets[5][2] = {{0, 0}, {-1, 0}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}, {0, 1}};

  for (int entry = 0; entry < 5; entry++)
  {
    flag = HYPRE_StructStencilSetElement(udata->stencil, entry, offsets[entry]);
    if (flag != 0)
    {
      delete udata;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // -----------
  // Work array
  // -----------

  udata->nwork = 5 * udata->nodes_loc;
  udata->work  = NULL;
  udata->work  = new HYPRE_Real[udata->nwork];
  if (udata->work == NULL)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  // ---------
  // x vector
  // ---------

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorCreate(udata->comm_c, udata->grid, &(udata->xvec));
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorInitialize(udata->xvec);
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  // ---------
  // b vector
  // ---------

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorCreate(udata->comm_c, udata->grid, &(udata->bvec));
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  flag = HYPRE_StructVectorInitialize(udata->bvec);
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  if (udata->matvec)
  {
    // ---------
    // v vector
    // ---------

    flag = HYPRE_StructVectorCreate(udata->comm_c, udata->grid, &(udata->vvec));
    if (flag != 0)
    {
      delete udata;
      return -1;
    }

    flag = HYPRE_StructVectorInitialize(udata->vvec);
    if (flag != 0)
    {
      delete udata;
      return -1;
    }

    // ----------
    // Jv vector
    // ----------

    flag = HYPRE_StructVectorCreate(udata->comm_c, udata->grid, &(udata->Jvvec));
    if (flag != 0)
    {
      delete udata;
      return -1;
    }

    flag = HYPRE_StructVectorInitialize(udata->Jvvec);
    if (flag != 0)
    {
      delete udata;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // ---------
  // J matrix
  // ---------

  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixCreate(udata->comm_c, udata->grid, udata->stencil,
                                  &(udata->Jmatrix));
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixInitialize(udata->Jmatrix);
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  // ---------
  // A matrix
  // ---------

  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixCreate(udata->comm_c, udata->grid, udata->stencil,
                                  &(udata->Amatrix));
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixInitialize(udata->Amatrix);
  if (flag != 0)
  {
    delete udata;
    return -1;
  }

  // --------------------
  // PFMG preconditioner
  // --------------------

  // Note a new PFMG preconditioner must be created and attached each time the
  // linear system is updated. As such it is constructed in the preconditioner
  // setup function (if enabled).
  udata->precond = NULL;

  // --------------
  // Fill Jacobian
  // --------------

  if (udata->prec || udata->matvec)
  {
    flag = Jac(udata);
    if (flag != 0)
    {
      delete udata;
      return -1;
    }

    flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixAssemble(udata->Jmatrix);
    if (flag != 0)
    {
      delete udata;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

// Jac function to compute the ODE RHS function Jacobian, (df/dy)(t,y).
static int Jac(UserData* udata)
{
  // Shortcuts to hypre matrix and grid extents, work array, etc.
  HYPRE_StructMatrix Jmatrix = udata->Jmatrix;

  HYPRE_Int ilower[2];
  HYPRE_Int iupper[2];

  ilower[0] = udata->ilower[0];
  ilower[1] = udata->ilower[1];

  iupper[0] = udata->iupper[0];
  iupper[1] = udata->iupper[1];

  HYPRE_Int nwork  = udata->nwork;
  HYPRE_Real* work = udata->work;

  sunindextype nx_loc = udata->nx_loc;
  sunindextype ny_loc = udata->ny_loc;

  // Matrix stencil: center, left, right, bottom, top
  HYPRE_Int entries[5] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
  HYPRE_Int entry[1];

  // Grid extents for setting boundary entries
  HYPRE_Int bc_ilower[2];
  HYPRE_Int bc_iupper[2];

  // Loop counters
  HYPRE_Int idx, ix, iy;

  // hypre return flag
  int flag;

  // ----------
  // Compute J
  // ----------

  // Start timer
  double t1 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
  if ((ilower[0] <= iupper[0]) && (ilower[1] <= iupper[1]))
  {
    // Jacobian values
    sunrealtype cx = udata->kx / (udata->dx * udata->dx);
    sunrealtype cy = udata->ky / (udata->dy * udata->dy);
    sunrealtype cc = -TWO * (cx + cy);

    // --------------------------------
    // Set matrix values for all nodes
    // --------------------------------

    // Set the matrix interior entries (center, left, right, bottom, top)
    idx = 0;
    for (iy = 0; iy < ny_loc; iy++)
    {
      for (ix = 0; ix < nx_loc; ix++)
      {
        work[idx]     = cc;
        work[idx + 1] = cx;
        work[idx + 2] = cx;
        work[idx + 3] = cy;
        work[idx + 4] = cy;
        idx += 5;
      }
    }

    // Modify the matrix
    flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, ilower, iupper, 5, entries,
                                          work);
    if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

    // ----------------------------------------
    // Correct matrix values at boundary nodes
    // ----------------------------------------

    // Set the matrix boundary entries (center, left, right, bottom, top)
    if (ilower[1] == 0 || iupper[1] == (udata->ny - 1) || ilower[0] == 0 ||
        iupper[0] == (udata->nx - 1))
    {
      idx = 0;
      for (iy = 0; iy < ny_loc; iy++)
      {
        for (ix = 0; ix < nx_loc; ix++)
        {
          work[idx]     = ONE;
          work[idx + 1] = ZERO;
          work[idx + 2] = ZERO;
          work[idx + 3] = ZERO;
          work[idx + 4] = ZERO;
          idx += 5;
        }
      }
    }

    // Set cells on western boundary
    if (ilower[0] == 0)
    {
      // Grid cell on south-west corner
      bc_ilower[0] = ilower[0];
      bc_ilower[1] = ilower[1];

      // Grid cell on north-west corner
      bc_iupper[0] = ilower[0];
      bc_iupper[1] = iupper[1];

      // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
      if ((bc_ilower[0] <= bc_iupper[0]) && (bc_ilower[1] <= bc_iupper[1]))
      {
        // Modify the matrix
        flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, bc_ilower, bc_iupper, 5,
                                              entries, work);
        if (flag != 0) { return -1; }
      }
    }

    // Set cells on eastern boundary
    if (iupper[0] == (udata->nx - 1))
    {
      // Grid cell on south-east corner
      bc_ilower[0] = iupper[0];
      bc_ilower[1] = ilower[1];

      // Grid cell on north-east corner
      bc_iupper[0] = iupper[0];
      bc_iupper[1] = iupper[1];

      // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
      if ((bc_ilower[0] <= bc_iupper[0]) && (bc_ilower[1] <= bc_iupper[1]))
      {
        // Modify the matrix
        flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, bc_ilower, bc_iupper, 5,
                                              entries, work);
        if (flag != 0) { return -1; }
      }
    }

    // Correct cells on southern boundary
    if (ilower[1] == 0)
    {
      // Grid cell on south-west corner
      bc_ilower[0] = ilower[0];
      bc_ilower[1] = ilower[1];

      // Grid cell on south-east corner
      bc_iupper[0] = iupper[0];
      bc_iupper[1] = ilower[1];

      // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
      if ((bc_ilower[0] <= bc_iupper[0]) && (bc_ilower[1] <= bc_iupper[1]))
      {
        // Modify the matrix
        flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, bc_ilower, bc_iupper, 5,
                                              entries, work);
        if (flag != 0) { return -1; }
      }
    }

    // Set cells on northern boundary
    if (iupper[1] == (udata->ny - 1))
    {
      // Grid cell on north-west corner
      bc_ilower[0] = ilower[0];
      bc_ilower[1] = iupper[1];

      // Grid cell on north-east corner
      bc_iupper[0] = iupper[0];
      bc_iupper[1] = iupper[1];

      // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
      if ((bc_ilower[0] <= bc_iupper[0]) && (bc_ilower[1] <= bc_iupper[1]))
      {
        // Modify the matrix
        flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, bc_ilower, bc_iupper, 5,
                                              entries, work);
        if (flag != 0) { return -1; }
      }
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------
    // Remove connections between the interior and boundary nodes
    // -----------------------------------------------------------

    // Zero out work array
    for (ix = 0; ix < nwork; ix++) { work[ix] = ZERO; }

    // Second column of nodes (depends on western boundary)
    if ((ilower[0] <= 1) && (iupper[0] >= 1))
    {
      // Remove western dependency
      entry[0] = 1;

      // Grid cell on south-west corner
      bc_ilower[0] = 1;
      bc_ilower[1] = ilower[1];

      // Grid cell on north-west corner
      bc_iupper[0] = 1;
      bc_iupper[1] = iupper[1];

      // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
      if ((bc_ilower[0] <= bc_iupper[0]) && (bc_ilower[1] <= bc_iupper[1]))
      {
        // Modify the matrix
        flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, bc_ilower, bc_iupper, 1,
                                              entry, work);
        if (flag != 0) { return -1; }
      }
    }

    // Next to last column (depends on eastern boundary)
    if ((ilower[0] <= (udata->nx - 2)) && (iupper[0] >= (udata->nx - 2)))
    {
      // Remove eastern dependency
      entry[0] = 2;

      // Grid cell on south-east corner
      bc_ilower[0] = udata->nx - 2;
      bc_ilower[1] = ilower[1];

      // Grid cell on north-east corner
      bc_iupper[0] = udata->nx - 2;
      bc_iupper[1] = iupper[1];

      // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
      if ((bc_ilower[0] <= bc_iupper[0]) && (bc_ilower[1] <= bc_iupper[1]))
      {
        // Modify the matrix
        flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, bc_ilower, bc_iupper, 1,
                                              entry, work);
        if (flag != 0) { return -1; }
      }
    }

    // Second row of nodes (depends on southern boundary)
    if ((ilower[1] <= 1) && (iupper[1] >= 1))
    {
      // Remove southern dependency
      entry[0] = 3;

      // Grid cell on south-west corner
      bc_ilower[0] = ilower[0];
      bc_ilower[1] = 1;

      // Grid cell on south-east corner
      bc_iupper[0] = iupper[0];
      bc_iupper[1] = 1;

      // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
      if ((bc_ilower[0] <= bc_iupper[0]) && (bc_ilower[1] <= bc_iupper[1]))
      {
        // Modify the matrix
        flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, bc_ilower, bc_iupper, 1,
                                              entry, work);
        if (flag != 0) { return -1; }
      }
    }

    // Next to last row of nodes (depends on northern boundary)
    if ((ilower[1] <= (udata->ny - 2)) && (iupper[1] >= (udata->ny - 2)))
    {
      // Remove northern dependency
      entry[0] = 4;

      // Grid cell on north-west corner
      bc_ilower[0] = ilower[0];
      bc_ilower[1] = udata->ny - 2;

      // Grid cell on north-east corner
      bc_iupper[0] = iupper[0];
      bc_iupper[1] = udata->ny - 2;

      // Only do work if the box is non-zero in size
      if ((bc_ilower[0] <= bc_iupper[0]) && (bc_ilower[1] <= bc_iupper[1]))
      {
        // Modify the matrix
        flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(Jmatrix, bc_ilower, bc_iupper, 1,
                                              entry, work);
        if (flag != 0) { return -1; }
      }
    }
  }

  // The matrix is assembled matrix in hypre setup

  // Stop timer
  double t2 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Update timer
  udata->matfilltime += t2 - t1;

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// Fill A = I - gamma * J matrix
static int ScaleAddI(UserData* udata, sunrealtype gamma)
{
  int flag;

  // Variable shortcuts
  HYPRE_Int ilower[2];
  HYPRE_Int iupper[2];

  ilower[0] = udata->ilower[0];
  ilower[1] = udata->ilower[1];

  iupper[0] = udata->iupper[0];
  iupper[1] = udata->iupper[1];

  HYPRE_Int nwork  = udata->nwork;
  HYPRE_Real* work = udata->work;

  // Matrix stencil: center, left, right, bottom, top
  HYPRE_Int entries[5] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};

  // Copy all matrix values into work array from J
  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixGetBoxValues(udata->Jmatrix, ilower, iupper, 5,
                                        entries, work);
  if (flag != 0) { return (flag); }

  // Scale work array by c
  for (HYPRE_Int i = 0; i < nwork; i++) { work[i] *= -gamma; }

  // Insert scaled values into A
  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixSetBoxValues(udata->Amatrix, ilower, iupper, 5,
                                        entries, work);
  if (flag != 0) { return (flag); }

  // Set first 1/5 of work array to 1
  for (HYPRE_Int i = 0; i < nwork / 5; i++) { work[i] = ONE; }

  // Add values to the diagonal of A
  HYPRE_Int entry[1] = {0};
  flag = HYPRE_StructMatrixAddToBoxValues(udata->Amatrix, ilower, iupper, 1,
                                          entry, work);
  if (flag != 0) { return (flag); }

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// RHS helper functions
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Post exchange receives
static int PostRecv(UserData* udata)
{
  int flag;

  // Start timer
  double t1 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Open Irecv buffers
  if (udata->HaveNbrW)
  {
    flag = MPI_Irecv(udata->Wrecv, (int)udata->ny_loc, MPI_SUNREALTYPE,
                     udata->ipW, MPI_ANY_TAG, udata->comm_c, &(udata->reqRW));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Irecv = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrE)
  {
    flag = MPI_Irecv(udata->Erecv, (int)udata->ny_loc, MPI_SUNREALTYPE,
                     udata->ipE, MPI_ANY_TAG, udata->comm_c, &(udata->reqRE));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Irecv = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrS)
  {
    flag = MPI_Irecv(udata->Srecv, (int)udata->nx_loc, MPI_SUNREALTYPE,
                     udata->ipS, MPI_ANY_TAG, udata->comm_c, &(udata->reqRS));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Irecv = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrN)
  {
    flag = MPI_Irecv(udata->Nrecv, (int)udata->nx_loc, MPI_SUNREALTYPE,
                     udata->ipN, MPI_ANY_TAG, udata->comm_c, &(udata->reqRN));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Irecv = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Stop timer
  double t2 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Update timer
  udata->exchangetime += t2 - t1;

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// Send exchange data
static int SendData(N_Vector y, UserData* udata)
{
  int flag, i;
  sunindextype ny_loc = udata->ny_loc;
  sunindextype nx_loc = udata->nx_loc;

  // Start timer
  double t1 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Access data array
  sunrealtype* Y = N_VGetArrayPointer(y);
  if (check_flag((void*)Y, "N_VGetArrayPointer", 0)) { return -1; }

  // Send data
  if (udata->HaveNbrW)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < ny_loc; i++) { udata->Wsend[i] = Y[IDX(0, i, nx_loc)]; }
    flag = MPI_Isend(udata->Wsend, (int)udata->ny_loc, MPI_SUNREALTYPE,
                     udata->ipW, 0, udata->comm_c, &(udata->reqSW));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Isend = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrE)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < ny_loc; i++)
    {
      udata->Esend[i] = Y[IDX(nx_loc - 1, i, nx_loc)];
    }
    flag = MPI_Isend(udata->Esend, (int)udata->ny_loc, MPI_SUNREALTYPE,
                     udata->ipE, 1, udata->comm_c, &(udata->reqSE));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Isend = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrS)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < nx_loc; i++) { udata->Ssend[i] = Y[IDX(i, 0, nx_loc)]; }
    flag = MPI_Isend(udata->Ssend, (int)udata->nx_loc, MPI_SUNREALTYPE,
                     udata->ipS, 2, udata->comm_c, &(udata->reqSS));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Isend = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrN)
  {
    for (i = 0; i < nx_loc; i++)
    {
      udata->Nsend[i] = Y[IDX(i, ny_loc - 1, nx_loc)];
    }
    flag = MPI_Isend(udata->Nsend, (int)udata->nx_loc, MPI_SUNREALTYPE,
                     udata->ipN, 3, udata->comm_c, &(udata->reqSN));
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Isend = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Stop timer
  double t2 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Update timer
  udata->exchangetime += t2 - t1;

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// Wait for exchange data
static int WaitRecv(UserData* udata)
{
  // Local variables
  int flag;
  MPI_Status stat;

  // Start timer
  double t1 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Wait for messages to finish
  if (udata->HaveNbrW)
  {
    flag = MPI_Wait(&(udata->reqRW), &stat);
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Wait = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
    flag = MPI_Wait(&(udata->reqSW), &stat);
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Wait = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrE)
  {
    flag = MPI_Wait(&(udata->reqRE), &stat);
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Wait = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
    flag = MPI_Wait(&(udata->reqSE), &stat);
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Wait = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrS)
  {
    flag = MPI_Wait(&(udata->reqRS), &stat);
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Wait = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
    flag = MPI_Wait(&(udata->reqSS), &stat);
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Wait = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  if (udata->HaveNbrN)
  {
    flag = MPI_Wait(&(udata->reqRN), &stat);
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Wait = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
    flag = MPI_Wait(&(udata->reqSN), &stat);
    if (flag != MPI_SUCCESS)
    {
      cerr << "Error in MPI_Wait = " << flag << endl;
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Stop timer
  double t2 = MPI_Wtime();

  // Update timer
  udata->exchangetime += t2 - t1;

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// UserData and input functions
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Initialize memory allocated within Userdata
UserData::UserData(sundials::Context& ctx) : sunctx(ctx)
{
  // Diffusion coefficient
  kx = ONE;
  ky = ONE;

  // Enable forcing
  forcing = true;

  // Final time
  tf = ONE;

  // Upper bounds in x and y directions
  xu = ONE;
  yu = ONE;

  // Global number of nodes in the x and y directions
  nx    = 64;
  ny    = 64;
  nodes = nx * ny;

  // Mesh spacing in the x and y directions
  dx = xu / (nx - 1);
  dy = yu / (ny - 1);

  // Locals number of nodes in the x and y directions (set in SetupDecomp)
  nx_loc    = 0;
  ny_loc    = 0;
  nodes_loc = 0;

  // Global indices of this subdomain (set in SetupDecomp)
  is = 0;
  ie = 0;
  js = 0;
  je = 0;

  // MPI variables (set in SetupDecomp)
  comm_c = MPI_COMM_NULL;

  nprocs_w = 1;
  npx      = 1;
  npy      = 1;

  myid_c = 0;

  // Flags denoting neighbors (set in SetupDecomp)
  HaveNbrW = true;
  HaveNbrE = true;
  HaveNbrS = true;
  HaveNbrN = true;

  // Exchange receive buffers (allocated in SetupDecomp)
  Erecv = NULL;
  Wrecv = NULL;
  Nrecv = NULL;
  Srecv = NULL;

  // Exchange send buffers (allocated in SetupDecomp)
  Esend = NULL;
  Wsend = NULL;
  Nsend = NULL;
  Ssend = NULL;

  // Neighbors IDs (set in SetupDecomp)
  ipW = -1;
  ipE = -1;
  ipS = -1;
  ipN = -1;

  // Integrator settings
  rtol     = SUN_RCONST(1.e-5);  // relative tolerance
  atol     = SUN_RCONST(1.e-10); // absolute tolerance
  maxsteps = 0;                  // use default

  // Linear solver and preconditioner options
  pcg      = true;  // use PCG (true) or GMRES (false)
  prec     = true;  // enable preconditioning
  matvec   = false; // use hypre matrix-vector product
  liniters = 10;    // max linear iterations
  msbp     = 0;     // use default (20 steps)
  epslin   = ZERO;  // use default (0.05)

  // hypre objects
  grid    = NULL;
  stencil = NULL;
  Jmatrix = NULL;
  Amatrix = NULL;
  bvec    = NULL;
  xvec    = NULL;
  vvec    = NULL;
  Jvvec   = NULL;
  precond = NULL;

  // hypre grid extents
  ilower[0] = 0;
  ilower[1] = 0;

  iupper[0] = 0;
  iupper[1] = 0;

  // hypre workspace
  nwork = 0;
  work  = NULL;

  // hypre counters
  pfmg_its = 0;

  // hypre PFMG settings
  pfmg_relax  = 2;
  pfmg_nrelax = 2;

  // Output variables
  output = 1;  // 0 = no output, 1 = stats output, 2 = output to disk
  nout   = 20; // Number of output times
  e      = NULL;

  // Timing variables
  timing       = false;
  evolvetime   = 0.0;
  rhstime      = 0.0;
  matfilltime  = 0.0;
  jvtime       = 0.0;
  psetuptime   = 0.0;
  psolvetime   = 0.0;
  exchangetime = 0.0;
}

// Free memory allocated within Userdata
UserData::~UserData()
{
  // Free exchange buffers
  if (Wrecv != NULL) { delete[] Wrecv; }
  if (Wsend != NULL) { delete[] Wsend; }
  if (Erecv != NULL) { delete[] Erecv; }
  if (Esend != NULL) { delete[] Esend; }
  if (Srecv != NULL) { delete[] Srecv; }
  if (Ssend != NULL) { delete[] Ssend; }
  if (Nrecv != NULL) { delete[] Nrecv; }
  if (Nsend != NULL) { delete[] Nsend; }

  // Free hypre preconditioner data
  if (grid != NULL) HYPRE_StructGridDestroy(grid);
  if (stencil != NULL) HYPRE_StructStencilDestroy(stencil);
  if (Jmatrix != NULL) HYPRE_StructMatrixDestroy(Jmatrix);
  if (Amatrix != NULL) HYPRE_StructMatrixDestroy(Amatrix);
  if (bvec != NULL) HYPRE_StructVectorDestroy(bvec);
  if (xvec != NULL) HYPRE_StructVectorDestroy(xvec);
  if (vvec != NULL) HYPRE_StructVectorDestroy(vvec);
  if (Jvvec != NULL) HYPRE_StructVectorDestroy(Jvvec);
  if (precond != NULL) HYPRE_StructPFMGDestroy(precond);
  if (work != NULL) delete[] work;

  // Free MPI Cartesian communicator
  if (comm_c != MPI_COMM_NULL) { MPI_Comm_free(&(comm_c)); }

  // Free error vector
  if (e)
  {
    N_VDestroy(e);
    e = NULL;
  }
}

// Read command line inputs
static int ReadInputs(int* argc, char*** argv, UserData* udata, bool outproc)
{
  // Check for input args
  int arg_idx = 1;

  while (arg_idx < (*argc))
  {
    string arg = (*argv)[arg_idx++];

    // Mesh points
    if (arg == "--mesh")
    {
      udata->nx = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
      udata->ny = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
    }
    // MPI processes
    else if (arg == "--np")
    {
      udata->npx = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
      udata->npy = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
    }
    // Domain upper bounds
    else if (arg == "--domain")
    {
      udata->xu = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
      udata->yu = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
    }
    // Diffusion parameters
    else if (arg == "--k")
    {
      udata->kx = stod((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
      udata->ky = stod((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
    }
    // Disable forcing
    else if (arg == "--noforcing") { udata->forcing = false; }
    // Temporal domain settings
    else if (arg == "--tf") { udata->tf = stod((*argv)[arg_idx++]); }
    // Integrator settings
    else if (arg == "--rtol") { udata->rtol = stod((*argv)[arg_idx++]); }
    else if (arg == "--atol") { udata->atol = stod((*argv)[arg_idx++]); }
    // Linear solver settings
    else if (arg == "--gmres") { udata->pcg = false; }
    else if (arg == "--matvec") { udata->matvec = true; }
    else if (arg == "--liniters")
    {
      udata->liniters = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
    }
    else if (arg == "--epslin") { udata->epslin = stod((*argv)[arg_idx++]); }
    // Preconditioner settings
    else if (arg == "--noprec") { udata->prec = false; }
    else if (arg == "--msbp") { udata->msbp = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]); }
    // PFMG settings
    else if (arg == "--pfmg_relax")
    {
      udata->pfmg_relax = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
    }
    else if (arg == "--pfmg_nrelax")
    {
      udata->pfmg_nrelax = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
    }
    // Output settings
    else if (arg == "--output") { udata->output = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]); }
    else if (arg == "--nout") { udata->nout = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]); }
    else if (arg == "--maxsteps")
    {
      udata->maxsteps = stoi((*argv)[arg_idx++]);
    }
    else if (arg == "--timing") { udata->timing = true; }
    // Help
    else if (arg == "--help")
    {
      if (outproc) { InputHelp(); }
      return -1;
    }
    // Unknown input
    else
    {
      if (outproc)
      {
        cerr << "ERROR: Invalid input " << arg << endl;
        InputHelp();
      }
      return -1;
    }
  }

  // Recompute total number of nodes
  udata->nodes = udata->nx * udata->ny;

  // Recompute x and y mesh spacing
  udata->dx = (udata->xu) / (udata->nx - 1);
  udata->dy = (udata->yu) / (udata->ny - 1);

  // Return success
  return 0;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Output and utility functions
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Compute the exact solution
static int Solution(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, UserData* udata)
{
  sunrealtype x, y;
  sunrealtype cos_sqr_t;
  sunrealtype sin_sqr_x, sin_sqr_y;

  // Constants for computing solution
  cos_sqr_t = cos(PI * t) * cos(PI * t);

  // Initialize u to zero (handles boundary conditions)
  N_VConst(ZERO, u);

  // Iterative over domain interior
  sunindextype istart = (udata->HaveNbrW) ? 0 : 1;
  sunindextype iend   = (udata->HaveNbrE) ? udata->nx_loc : udata->nx_loc - 1;

  sunindextype jstart = (udata->HaveNbrS) ? 0 : 1;
  sunindextype jend   = (udata->HaveNbrN) ? udata->ny_loc : udata->ny_loc - 1;

  sunrealtype* uarray = N_VGetArrayPointer(u);
  if (check_flag((void*)uarray, "N_VGetArrayPointer", 0)) { return -1; }

  for (sunindextype j = jstart; j < jend; j++)
  {
    for (sunindextype i = istart; i < iend; i++)
    {
      x = (udata->is + i) * udata->dx;
      y = (udata->js + j) * udata->dy;

      sin_sqr_x = sin(PI * x) * sin(PI * x);
      sin_sqr_y = sin(PI * y) * sin(PI * y);

      uarray[IDX(i, j, udata->nx_loc)] = sin_sqr_x * sin_sqr_y * cos_sqr_t;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

// Compute the solution error
static int SolutionError(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, N_Vector e, UserData* udata)
{
  // Compute true solution
  int flag = Solution(t, e, udata);
  if (flag != 0) { return -1; }

  // Compute absolute error
  N_VLinearSum(ONE, u, -ONE, e, e);
  N_VAbs(e, e);

  return 0;
}

// Print command line options
static void InputHelp()
{
  cout << endl;
  cout << "Command line options:" << endl;
  cout << "  --mesh <nx> <ny>        : mesh points in the x and y directions"
       << endl;
  cout << "  --np <npx> <npy>        : number of MPI processes in the x and y "
          "directions"
       << endl;
  cout
    << "  --domain <xu> <yu>      : domain upper bound in the x and y direction"
    << endl;
  cout << "  --k <kx> <ky>           : diffusion coefficients" << endl;
  cout << "  --noforcing             : disable forcing term" << endl;
  cout << "  --tf <time>             : final time" << endl;
  cout << "  --rtol <rtol>           : relative tolerance" << endl;
  cout << "  --atol <atol>           : absoltue tolerance" << endl;
  cout << "  --gmres                 : use GMRES linear solver" << endl;
  cout << "  --matvec                : use hypre matrix-vector product" << endl;
  cout << "  --liniters <iters>      : max number of iterations" << endl;
  cout << "  --epslin <factor>       : linear tolerance factor" << endl;
  cout << "  --noprec                : disable preconditioner" << endl;
  cout << "  --msbp <steps>          : max steps between prec setups" << endl;
  cout << "  --pfmg_relax <types>    : relaxtion type in PFMG" << endl;
  cout << "  --pfmg_nrelax <iters>   : pre/post relaxtion sweeps in PFMG" << endl;
  cout << "  --output <level>        : output level" << endl;
  cout << "  --nout <nout>           : number of outputs" << endl;
  cout << "  --maxsteps <steps>      : max steps between outputs" << endl;
  cout << "  --timing                : print timing data" << endl;
  cout << "  --help                  : print this message and exit" << endl;
}

// Print user data
static int PrintUserData(UserData* udata)
{
  cout << endl;
  cout << "2D Heat PDE test problem:" << endl;
  cout << " --------------------------------- " << endl;
  cout << "  nprocs         = " << udata->nprocs_w << endl;
  cout << "  npx            = " << udata->npx << endl;
  cout << "  npy            = " << udata->npy << endl;
  cout << " --------------------------------- " << endl;
  cout << "  kx             = " << udata->kx << endl;
  cout << "  ky             = " << udata->ky << endl;
  cout << "  forcing        = " << udata->forcing << endl;
  cout << "  tf             = " << udata->tf << endl;
  cout << "  xu             = " << udata->xu << endl;
  cout << "  yu             = " << udata->yu << endl;
  cout << "  nx             = " << udata->nx << endl;
  cout << "  ny             = " << udata->ny << endl;
  cout << "  nxl (proc 0)   = " << udata->nx_loc << endl;
  cout << "  nyl (proc 0)   = " << udata->ny_loc << endl;
  cout << "  dx             = " << udata->dx << endl;
  cout << "  dy             = " << udata->dy << endl;
  cout << " --------------------------------- " << endl;
  cout << "  rtol           = " << udata->rtol << endl;
  cout << "  atol           = " << udata->atol << endl;
  cout << " --------------------------------- " << endl;
  if (udata->pcg) { cout << "  linear solver  = PCG" << endl; }
  else { cout << "  linear solver  = GMRES" << endl; }
  cout << "  lin iters      = " << udata->liniters << endl;
  cout << "  matvec         = " << udata->matvec << endl;
  cout << "  eps lin        = " << udata->epslin << endl;
  cout << "  prec           = " << udata->prec << endl;
  cout << "  msbp           = " << udata->msbp << endl;
  cout << "  pfmg_relax     = " << udata->pfmg_relax << endl;
  cout << "  pfmg_nrelax    = " << udata->pfmg_nrelax << endl;
  cout << " --------------------------------- " << endl;
  cout << "  output         = " << udata->output << endl;
  cout << " --------------------------------- " << endl;
  cout << endl;

  return 0;
}

// Initialize output
static int OpenOutput(UserData* udata)
{
  bool outproc = (udata->myid_c == 0);

  // Header for status output
  if (udata->output > 0 && outproc)
  {
    cout << scientific;
    cout << setprecision(numeric_limits<sunrealtype>::digits10);
    if (udata->forcing)
    {
      cout << "          t           ";
      cout << "          ||u||_rms      ";
      cout << "          max error      " << endl;
      cout << " ---------------------";
      cout << "-------------------------";
      cout << "-------------------------" << endl;
    }
    else
    {
      cout << "          t           ";
      cout << "          ||u||_rms      " << endl;
      cout << " ---------------------";
      cout << "-------------------------" << endl;
    }
  }

  // Output problem information and open output streams
  if (udata->output == 2)
  {
    // Each processor outputs subdomain information
    stringstream fname;
    fname << "heat2d_info." << setfill('0') << setw(5) << udata->myid_c << ".txt";

    ofstream dout;
    dout.open(fname.str());
    dout << "xu  " << udata->xu << endl;
    dout << "yu  " << udata->yu << endl;
    dout << "nx  " << udata->nx << endl;
    dout << "ny  " << udata->ny << endl;
    dout << "px  " << udata->npx << endl;
    dout << "py  " << udata->npy << endl;
    dout << "np  " << udata->nprocs_w << endl;
    dout << "is  " << udata->is << endl;
    dout << "ie  " << udata->ie << endl;
    dout << "js  " << udata->js << endl;
    dout << "je  " << udata->je << endl;
    dout << "nt  " << udata->nout + 1 << endl;
    dout.close();

    // Open output streams for solution and error
    fname.str("");
    fname.clear();
    fname << "heat2d_solution." << setfill('0') << setw(5) << udata->myid_c
          << ".txt";
    udata->uout.open(fname.str());

    udata->uout << scientific;
    udata->uout << setprecision(numeric_limits<sunrealtype>::digits10);

    if (udata->forcing)
    {
      fname.str("");
      fname.clear();
      fname << "heat2d_error." << setfill('0') << setw(5) << udata->myid_c
            << ".txt";
      udata->eout.open(fname.str());

      udata->eout << scientific;
      udata->eout << setprecision(numeric_limits<sunrealtype>::digits10);
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

// Write output
static int WriteOutput(sunrealtype t, N_Vector u, UserData* udata)
{
  int flag;
  sunrealtype max = ZERO;
  bool outproc    = (udata->myid_c == 0);

  if (udata->output > 0)
  {
    if (udata->forcing)
    {
      // Compute the error
      flag = SolutionError(t, u, udata->e, udata);
      if (check_flag(&flag, "SolutionError", 1)) { return 1; }

      // Compute max error
      max = N_VMaxNorm(udata->e);
    }

    // Compute rms norm of the state
    sunrealtype urms = sqrt(N_VDotProd(u, u) / udata->nx / udata->ny);

    // Output current status
    if (outproc)
    {
      if (udata->forcing)
      {
        cout << setw(22) << t << setw(25) << urms << setw(25) << max << endl;
      }
      else { cout << setw(22) << t << setw(25) << urms << endl; }
    }

    // Write solution and error to disk
    if (udata->output == 2)
    {
      sunrealtype* uarray = N_VGetArrayPointer(u);
      if (check_flag((void*)uarray, "N_VGetArrayPointer", 0)) { return -1; }

      udata->uout << t << " ";
      for (sunindextype i = 0; i < udata->nodes_loc; i++)
      {
        udata->uout << uarray[i] << " ";
      }
      udata->uout << endl;

      if (udata->forcing)
      {
        // Output error to disk
        sunrealtype* earray = N_VGetArrayPointer(udata->e);
        if (check_flag((void*)earray, "N_VGetArrayPointer", 0)) { return -1; }

        udata->eout << t << " ";
        for (sunindextype i = 0; i < udata->nodes_loc; i++)
        {
          udata->eout << earray[i] << " ";
        }
        udata->eout << endl;
      }
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

// Finalize output
static int CloseOutput(UserData* udata)
{
  bool outproc = (udata->myid_c == 0);

  // Footer for status output
  if (outproc && (udata->output > 0))
  {
    if (udata->forcing)
    {
      cout << " ---------------------";
      cout << "-------------------------";
      cout << "-------------------------" << endl;
      cout << endl;
    }
    else
    {
      cout << " ---------------------";
      cout << "-------------------------" << endl;
      cout << endl;
    }
  }

  if (udata->output == 2)
  {
    // Close output streams
    udata->uout.close();
    if (udata->forcing) { udata->eout.close(); }
  }

  return 0;
}

// Print integrator statistics
static int OutputStats(void* cvode_mem, UserData* udata)
{
  int flag;

  // Get integrator and solver stats
  long int nst, netf, nf, nni, ncfn, nli, nlcf, nsetups, nf_ls, nJv;
  flag = CVodeGetNumSteps(cvode_mem, &nst);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumSteps", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumErrTestFails(cvode_mem, &netf);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumErrTestFails", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumRhsEvals(cvode_mem, &nf);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumRhsEvals", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumNonlinSolvIters(cvode_mem, &nni);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumNonlinSolvIters", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumNonlinSolvConvFails(cvode_mem, &ncfn);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumNonlinSolvConvFails", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumLinIters(cvode_mem, &nli);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumLinIters", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumLinConvFails(cvode_mem, &nlcf);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumLinConvFails", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumLinSolvSetups(cvode_mem, &nsetups);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumLinSolvSetups", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumLinRhsEvals(cvode_mem, &nf_ls);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumLinRhsEvals", 1)) { return -1; }
  flag = CVodeGetNumJtimesEvals(cvode_mem, &nJv);
  if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumJtimesEvals", 1)) { return -1; }

  cout << fixed;
  cout << setprecision(6);

  cout << "  Steps            = " << nst << endl;
  cout << "  Error test fails = " << netf << endl;
  cout << "  RHS evals        = " << nf << endl;
  cout << "  NLS iters        = " << nni << endl;
  cout << "  NLS fails        = " << ncfn << endl;
  cout << "  LS iters         = " << nli << endl;
  cout << "  LS fails         = " << nlcf << endl;
  cout << "  LS setups        = " << nsetups << endl;
  cout << "  LS RHS evals     = " << nf_ls << endl;
  cout << "  Jv products      = " << nJv << endl;
  cout << endl;

  // Compute average nls iters per step attempt and ls iters per nls iter
  sunrealtype avgnli = (sunrealtype)nni / (sunrealtype)nst;
  sunrealtype avgli  = (sunrealtype)nli / (sunrealtype)nni;
  cout << "  Avg NLS iters per step    = " << avgnli << endl;
  cout << "  Avg LS iters per NLS iter = " << avgli << endl;
  cout << endl;

  // Get preconditioner stats
  if (udata->prec)
  {
    long int npe, nps;
    flag = CVodeGetNumPrecEvals(cvode_mem, &npe);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumPrecEvals", 1)) { return -1; }
    flag = CVodeGetNumPrecSolves(cvode_mem, &nps);
    if (check_flag(&flag, "CVodeGetNumPrecSolves", 1)) { return -1; }

    cout << "  Preconditioner setups = " << npe << endl;
    cout << "  Preconditioner solves = " << nps << endl;
    cout << "  PFMG iters            = " << udata->pfmg_its << endl;
    cout << endl;
  }

  return 0;
}

static int OutputTiming(UserData* udata)
{
  bool outproc = (udata->myid_c == 0);

  if (outproc)
  {
    cout << scientific;
    cout << setprecision(6);
  }

  double maxtime = 0.0;

  MPI_Reduce(&(udata->evolvetime), &maxtime, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, 0,
             udata->comm_c);
  if (outproc) { cout << "  Evolve time   = " << maxtime << " sec" << endl; }

  MPI_Reduce(&(udata->rhstime), &maxtime, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, 0,
             udata->comm_c);
  if (outproc) { cout << "  RHS time      = " << maxtime << " sec" << endl; }

  MPI_Reduce(&(udata->exchangetime), &maxtime, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, 0,
             udata->comm_c);
  if (outproc)
  {
    cout << "  Exchange time = " << maxtime << " sec" << endl;
    cout << endl;
  }

  if (udata->matvec)
  {
    MPI_Reduce(&(udata->jvtime), &maxtime, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, 0,
               udata->comm_c);
    if (outproc) { cout << "  Jv time       = " << maxtime << " sec" << endl; }
  }

  if (udata->prec)
  {
    MPI_Reduce(&(udata->matfilltime), &maxtime, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, 0,
               udata->comm_c);
    if (outproc) { cout << "  MatFill time  = " << maxtime << " sec" << endl; }

    MPI_Reduce(&(udata->psetuptime), &maxtime, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, 0,
               udata->comm_c);
    if (outproc) { cout << "  PSetup time   = " << maxtime << " sec" << endl; }

    MPI_Reduce(&(udata->psolvetime), &maxtime, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, 0,
               udata->comm_c);
    if (outproc)
    {
      cout << "  PSolve time   = " << maxtime << " sec" << endl;
      cout << endl;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

// Check function return value
static int check_flag(void* flagvalue, const string funcname, int opt)
{
  // Check if the function returned a NULL pointer
  if (opt == 0)
  {
    if (flagvalue == NULL)
    {
      cerr << endl
           << "ERROR: " << funcname << " returned NULL pointer" << endl
           << endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  // Check the function return flag value
  else if (opt == 1 || opt == 2)
  {
    int errflag = *((int*)flagvalue);
    if ((opt == 1 && errflag < 0) || (opt == 2 && errflag != 0))
    {
      cerr << endl
           << "ERROR: " << funcname << " returned with flag = " << errflag << endl
           << endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  else
  {
    cerr << endl
         << "ERROR: check_flag called with an invalid option value" << endl;
    return 1;
  }

  return 0;
}

//---- end of file ----
