..
   Programmer(s): Daniel R. Reynolds @ SMU
   ----------------------------------------------------------------
   SUNDIALS Copyright Start
   Copyright (c) 2002-2024, Lawrence Livermore National Security
   and Southern Methodist University.
   All rights reserved.

   See the top-level LICENSE and NOTICE files for details.

   SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
   SUNDIALS Copyright End
   ----------------------------------------------------------------


.. _NVectors.RAJA:

The NVECTOR_RAJA Module
=======================

The NVECTOR_RAJA module is an experimental NVECTOR implementation using the
`RAJA <https://software.llnl.gov/RAJA/>`_ hardware abstraction layer. In this
implementation, RAJA allows for SUNDIALS vector kernels to run on AMD, NVIDIA,
or Intel GPU devices. The module is intended for users who are already familiar
with RAJA and GPU programming. Building this vector module requires a C++11
compliant compiler and either the NVIDIA CUDA programming environment, the AMD
ROCm HIP programming environment, or a compiler that supports the SYCL
abstraction layer. When using the AMD ROCm HIP environment, the HIP-clang
compiler must be utilized. Users can select which backend to compile with by
setting the ``SUNDIALS_RAJA_BACKENDS`` CMake variable to either CUDA, HIP, or
SYCL. Besides the CUDA, HIP, and SYCL backends, RAJA has other backends such as
serial, OpenMP, and OpenACC. These backends are not used in this SUNDIALS
release.

The vector content layout is as follows:

.. code-block:: c++

   struct _N_VectorContent_Raja
   {
      sunindextype length;
      sunbooleantype  own_data;
      sunrealtype*    host_data;
      sunrealtype*    device_data;
      void*        priv; /* 'private' data */
   };


The content members are the vector length (size), a boolean flag that signals if
the vector owns the data (i.e., it is in charge of freeing the data), pointers to
vector data on the host and the device, and a private data structure which holds
the memory management type, which should not be accessed directly.

When instantiated with :c:func:`N_VNew_Raja`, the underlying data will be allocated
on both the host and the device. Alternatively, a user can provide host
and device data arrays by using the :c:func:`N_VMake_Raja` constructor. To use
managed memory, the constructors :c:func:`N_VNewManaged_Raja` and
:c:func:`N_VMakeManaged_Raja` are provided. Details on each of these constructors
are provided below.

The header file to include when using this is ``nvector_raja.h``. The installed
module library to link to is ``libsundials_nveccudaraja.lib`` when using the
CUDA backend, ``libsundials_nvechipraja.lib`` when using the HIP backend, and
``libsundials_nvecsyclraja.lib`` when using the SYCL backend. The extension
``.lib`` is typically ``.so`` for shared libraries ``.a`` for static libraries.


NVECTOR_RAJA functions
-----------------------------------

Unlike other native SUNDIALS vector types, the NVECTOR_RAJA module does not
provide macros to access its member variables. Instead, user should use the
accessor functions:



.. c:function:: sunrealtype* N_VGetHostArrayPointer_Raja(N_Vector v)

   This function returns pointer to the vector data on the host.


.. c:function:: sunrealtype* N_VGetDeviceArrayPointer_Raja(N_Vector v)

   This function returns pointer to the vector data on the device.

.. c:function:: sunbooleantype N_VIsManagedMemory_Raja(N_Vector v)

   This function returns a boolean flag indicating if the vector
   data is allocated in managed memory or not.


The NVECTOR_RAJA module defines the implementations of all vector
operations listed in :numref:`NVectors.Ops`,
:numref:`NVectors.Ops.Fused`, :numref:`NVectors.Ops.Array`, and
:numref:`NVectors.Ops.Local`, except for
:c:func:`N_VDotProdMulti`, :c:func:`N_VWrmsNormVectorArray`, and
:c:func:`N_VWrmsNormMaskVectorArray` as support for arrays of reduction
vectors is not yet supported in RAJA.  These functions will be added
to the NVECTOR_RAJA implementation in the future.  Additionally, the
operations :c:func:`N_VGetArrayPointer` and :c:func:`N_VSetArrayPointer`
are not implemented by the RAJA vector.  As such, this
vector cannot be used with SUNDIALS direct solvers and preconditioners.
The NVECTOR_RAJA module provides separate functions to access data on
the host and on the device. It also provides methods for copying from
the host to the device and vice versa. Usage examples of NVECTOR_RAJA
are provided in some example programs for CVODE :cite:p:`cvode_ex`.

The names of vector operations are obtained from those in
:numref:`NVectors.Ops`, :numref:`NVectors.Ops.Fused`,
:numref:`NVectors.Ops.Array`, and :numref:`NVectors.Ops.Local` by
appending the suffix ``_Raja`` (e.g. ``N_VDestroy_Raja``).  The module
NVECTOR_RAJA provides the following additional user-callable routines:


.. c:function:: N_Vector N_VNew_Raja(sunindextype vec_length, SUNContext sunctx)

   This function creates and allocates memory for a RAJA
   ``N_Vector``. The memory is allocated on both the host and the
   device. Its only argument is the vector length.


.. c:function:: N_Vector N_VNewManaged_Raja(sunindextype vec_length, SUNContext sunctx)

   This function creates and allocates memory for a RAJA ``N_Vector``.
   The vector data array is allocated in managed memory.


.. c:function:: N_Vector N_VMake_Raja(sunindextype length, sunrealtype *h_data, sunrealtype *v_data, SUNContext sunctx)

   This function creates an NVECTOR_RAJA with user-supplied host and device
   data arrays. This function does not allocate memory for data itself.


.. c:function:: N_Vector N_VMakeManaged_Raja(sunindextype length, sunrealtype *vdata, SUNContext sunctx)

   This function creates an NVECTOR_RAJA with a user-supplied managed
   memory data array. This function does not allocate memory for data itself.


.. c:function:: N_Vector N_VNewWithMemHelp_Raja(sunindextype length, sunbooleantype use_managed_mem, SUNMemoryHelper helper, SUNContext sunctx)

   This function creates an NVECTOR_RAJA with a user-supplied SUNMemoryHelper
   for allocating/freeing memory.


.. c:function:: N_Vector N_VNewEmpty_Raja()

   This function creates a new ``N_Vector`` where the members of the content
   structure have not been allocated.  This utility function is used by the
   other constructors to create a new vector.


.. c:function:: void N_VCopyToDevice_Raja(N_Vector v)

   This function copies host vector data to the device.


.. c:function:: void N_VCopyFromDevice_Raja(N_Vector v)

   This function copies vector data from the device to the host.


.. c:function:: void N_VPrint_Raja(N_Vector v)

   This function prints the content of a RAJA vector to ``stdout``.


.. c:function:: void N_VPrintFile_Raja(N_Vector v, FILE *outfile)

   This function prints the content of a RAJA vector to ``outfile``.


By default all fused and vector array operations are disabled in the NVECTOR_RAJA
module. The following additional user-callable routines are provided to
enable or disable fused and vector array operations for a specific vector. To
ensure consistency across vectors it is recommended to first create a vector
with :c:func:`N_VNew_Raja`, enable/disable the desired operations for that vector
with the functions below, and create any additional vectors from that vector
using :c:func:`N_VClone`. This guarantees the new vectors will have the same
operations enabled/disabled as cloned vectors inherit the same enable/disable
options as the vector they are cloned from while vectors created with
:c:func:`N_VNew_Raja` will have the default settings for the NVECTOR_RAJA module.

.. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableFusedOps_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

   This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) all fused and
   vector array operations in the RAJA vector. The return value is a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

.. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableLinearCombination_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

   This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the linear
   combination fused operation in the RAJA vector. The return value is a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

.. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableScaleAddMulti_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

   This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the scale and
   add a vector to multiple vectors fused operation in the RAJA vector. The
   return value is a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

..
   .. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableDotProdMulti_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

      This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the multiple
      dot products fused operation in the RAJA vector. The return value is
      a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

.. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableLinearSumVectorArray_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

   This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the linear sum
   operation for vector arrays in the RAJA vector. The return value is a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

.. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableScaleVectorArray_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

   This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the scale
   operation for vector arrays in the RAJA vector. The return value is a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

.. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableConstVectorArray_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

   This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the const
   operation for vector arrays in the RAJA vector. The return value is a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

..
   .. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableWrmsNormVectorArray_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

      This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the WRMS norm
      operation for vector arrays in the RAJA vector. The return value is
      a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

   .. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableWrmsNormMaskVectorArray_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

      This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the masked WRMS
      norm operation for vector arrays in the RAJA vector. The return value is
      a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

.. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableScaleAddMultiVectorArray_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

   This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the scale and
   add a vector array to multiple vector arrays operation in the RAJA vector. The
   return value is a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.

.. c:function:: SUNErrCode N_VEnableLinearCombinationVectorArray_Raja(N_Vector v, sunbooleantype tf)

   This function enables (``SUNTRUE``) or disables (``SUNFALSE``) the linear
   combination operation for vector arrays in the RAJA vector. The return value is a :c:type:`SUNErrCode`.


**Notes**

* When there is a need to access components of an NVECTOR_RAJA vector,
  it is recommended to use functions :c:func:`N_VGetDeviceArrayPointer_Raja()` or
  :c:func:`N_VGetHostArrayPointer_Raja()`. However, when using managed memory,
  the function :c:func:`N_VGetArrayPointer` may also be used.

* To maximize efficiency, vector operations in the NVECTOR_RAJA implementation
  that have more than one ``N_Vector`` argument do not check for
  consistent internal representations of these vectors. It is the user's
  responsibility to ensure that such routines are called with ``N_Vector``
  arguments that were all created with the same internal representations.
