.. index:: fix orient/eco

fix orient/eco command
======================


.. parsed-literal::

   fix ID group-ID orient/eco u0 eta cutoff orientationsFile


* ID, group-ID are documented in fix command
* u0 = energy added to each atom (energy units)
* eta = cutoff value (usually 0.25)
* cutoff = cutoff radius for orientation parameter calculation
* orientationsFile = file that specifies orientation of each grain

Examples
""""""""

.. code-block:: LAMMPS

   fix gb all orient/eco 0.08 0.25 3.524 sigma5.ori


Description
"""""""""""

The fix applies a synthetic driving force to a grain boundary which can
be used for the investigation of grain boundary motion. The affiliation
of atoms to either of the two grains forming the grain boundary is
determined from an orientation-dependent order parameter as described
in :ref:`(Ulomek) <Ulomek>`. The potential energy of atoms is either increased by an amount
of 0.5*\ *u0* or -0.5*\ *u0* according to the orientation of the surrounding
crystal. This creates a potential energy gradient which pushes atoms near
the grain boundary to orient according to the energetically favorable
grain orientation. This fix is designed for applications in bicrystal system
with one grain boundary and open ends, or two opposite grain boundaries in
a periodic system. In either case, the entire system can experience a
displacement during the simulation which needs to be accounted for in the
evaluation of the grain boundary velocity. While the basic method is
described in :ref:`(Ulomek) <Ulomek>`, the implementation follows the efficient
implementation from :ref:`(Schratt & Mohles) <Schratt>`. The synthetic potential energy added to an
atom j is given by the following formulas

.. math::

   w(|\vec{r}_{jk}|) = w_{jk} & = \left\{\begin{array}{lc} \frac{|\vec{r}_{jk}|^{4}}{r_{\mathrm{cut}}^{4}}
     -2\frac{|\vec{r}_{jk}|^{2}}{r_{\mathrm{cut}}^{2}}+1, & |\vec{r}_{jk}|<r_{\mathrm{cut}} \\
      0, & |\vec{r}_{jk}|\ge r_{\mathrm{cut}}
      \end{array}\right. \\
   \chi_{j} & = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{l=1}^{3}\left\lbrack\left\vert\psi_{l}^{\mathrm{I}}(\vec{r}_{j})\right\vert^{2}-\left\vert\psi_{l}^{\mathrm{II}}(\vec{r}_{j})\right\vert^{2}\right\rbrack \\
   \psi_{l}^{\mathrm{X}}(\vec{r}_{j}) & = \sum_{k\in\mathit{\Gamma}_{j}}w_{jk}\exp\left(\mathrm{i}\vec{r}_{jk}\cdot\vec{q}_{l}^{\mathrm{X}}\right) \\
   u(\chi_{j}) & = \frac{u_{0}}{2}\left\{\begin{array}{lc}
   1, & \chi_{j}\ge\eta\\
   \sin\left(\frac{\pi\chi_{j}}{2\eta}\right), &  -\eta<\chi_{j}<\eta\\
   -1, & \chi_{j}\le-\eta
   \end{array}\right.

which are fully explained in :ref:`(Ulomek) <Ulomek>`
and :ref:`(Schratt & Mohles) <Schratt>`.

The force on each atom is the negative gradient of the synthetic potential energy. It
depends on the surrounding of this atom. An atom far from the grain boundary does not
experience a synthetic force as its surrounding is that of an oriented single crystal
and thermal fluctuations are masked by the parameter *eta*\ . Near the grain boundary
however, the gradient is nonzero and synthetic force terms are computed.
The orientationsFile specifies the perfect oriented crystal basis vectors for the
two adjoining crystals. The first three lines (line=row vector) for the energetically penalized and the
last three lines for the energetically favored grain assuming *u0* is positive. For
negative *u0*, this is reversed. With the *cutoff* parameter, the size of the region around
each atom which is used in the order parameter computation is defined. The cutoff must be
smaller than the interaction range of the MD potential. It should at
least include the nearest neighbor shell. For high temperatures or low angle
grain boundaries, it might be beneficial to increase the cutoff in order to get a more
precise identification of the atoms surrounding. However, computation time will
increase as more atoms are considered in the order parameter and force computation.
It is also worth noting that the cutoff radius must not exceed the communication
distance for ghost atoms in LAMMPS. With orientationsFile, the
6 oriented crystal basis vectors is specified. Each line of the input file
contains the three components of a primitive lattice vector oriented according to
the grain orientation in the simulation box. The first (last) three lines correspond
to the primitive lattice vectors of the first (second) grain. An example for
a :math:`\Sigma\langle001\rangle` mis-orientation is given at the end.

If no synthetic energy difference between the grains is created, :math:`u0=0`, the
force computation is omitted. In this case, still, the order parameter of the
driving force is computed and can be used to track the grain boundary motion throughout the
simulation.



Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

No information about this fix is written to :doc: `binary restart files <restart>`.

The :doc:`fix_modify <fix_modify>` *energy* option is supported by this fix to
add the potential energy of atom interactions with the grain boundary
driving force to the system's potential energy as part of thermodynamic output.
The total sum of added synthetic potential energy is computed and can be accessed
by various output options. The order parameter as well as the thermally masked
output parameter are stored in per-atom arrays and can also be accessed by various
:doc:`output commands <Howto_output>`.

No parameter of this fix can be used with the start/stop keywords of the run command. This fix is
not invoked during energy minimization.



Restrictions
""""""""""""

This fix is part of the USER-MISC package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was
built with that package. See the :doc:`Build package <Build_package>` doc page for more info.



Related commands
""""""""""""""""

:doc:`fix_modify <fix_modify>`

:doc:`fix_orient <fix_orient>`

Default
"""""""

none

----------

.. _Ulomek:

**(Ulomek)** Ulomek, Brien, Foiles, Mohles, Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 23 (2015) 025007

.. _Schratt:

**(Schratt & Mohles)** Schratt, Mohles. Comp. Mat. Sci. 182 (2020) 109774

----------


For illustration purposes, here is an example file that specifies a
:math:`\Sigma=5 \langle 001 \rangle` tilt grain boundary. This is for a lattice constant of 3.52 Angstrom:

.. parsed-literal::

    sigma5.ori:

    1.671685  0.557228  1.76212
    0.557228 -1.671685  1.76212
    2.228913 -1.114456  0.00000
    0.557228  1.671685  1.76212
    1.671685 -0.557228  1.76212
    2.228913  1.114456  0.00000


