<chapt>Introduzione
<p>
Una delle cose più difficili nello scrivere documenti riguardanti la
sicurezza è che ogni caso è unico. Due cose a cui va prestata
attenzione sono l'ambiente minaccioso e le necessità di sicurezza del
singolo sito, host o rete. Per esempio, le necessità di sicurezza di un
utente domestico sono completamente differenti da quelle di una rete
bancaria. Mentre il rischio principale che un utente domestico deve
affrontare sono i cracker tipo «script kiddie», una rete bancaria deve
preoccuparsi di attacchi diretti. Inoltre, la banca deve
proteggere i dati dei propri clienti con precisione matematica.
In breve, ogni utente deve considerare il compromesso tra usabilità e
sicurezza/paranoia.
<!-- Is this metaphor really appropriate? Sounds like rounding errors to me,
era -->

<p>
Occorre tenere presente che questo manuale copre soltanto argomenti
relativi al software. Il miglior software del mondo non vi può
proteggere se qualcuno ha accesso fisico alla macchina.  Si può
metterla sotto la scrivania, oppure in un bunker protetto da un
esercito.  Tuttavia un computer desktop può essere maggiormente 
sicuro (da un punto di vista software) di uno protetto fisicamente
se è configurato correttamente rispetto ad una macchina protetta ma 
dove il software è pieno di falle di sicurezza. Naturalmente, vanno
considerate ambedue le situazioni.

<p>
Questo documento dà soltanto uno sguardo a quanto si può fare per
incrementare la sicurezza del proprio sistema Debian GNU/Linux.  Se
avete letto altri documenti riguardanti la sicurezza in Linux, vedrete
come argomenti comuni possono sovrapporsi a questo documento.
In ogni caso, questo documento non cerca di essere l'ultima risorsa
di informazioni di cui si possa avere bisogno, cerca soltanto di
adattare queste stesse informazioni così che siano utilizzabili in un
sistema Debian GNU/Linux. Distribuzioni diverse 
fanno alcune cose in modi differenti (per esempio l'avvio dei demoni); 
qui troverete materiale appropriato per gli strumenti e le procedure
di Debian.

<!--
# Does this approximate the intent of the original author? (FIXME: check)
# Original text said: "you will find here [sic] a different approach,
# using Debian's tools, regarding security." era
-->
<!-- IMHO yes, jfs -->

<sect id="authors">Autore
<p>L'attuale manutentore di questo documento è: <url name="Javier
 Fernández-Sanguino" id="mailto:jfs@debian.org"> Mandate a lui ogni
 commento, aggiunta o suggerimento e questi verranno considerati per
 essere inclusi nelle future versioni di questo manuale.

<p>Questo manuale &egrave; stato iniziato con un <em>HOWTO</em> da <url
name="Alexander Reelsen" id="mailto:ar@rhwd.de">. Dopo la sua pubblicazione su
Internet <url name="Javier Fernández-Sanguino" id="mailto:jfs@debian.org"> lo
ha incorporato nel <url name="Debian Documentation Project"
id="http://www.debian.org/doc">. Un buon numero di persone hanno contribuito a
questo manuale (tutti coloro che hanno contribuito sono elencati nel changelog)
ma le seguenti persone devono avere una menzione speciale dato che hanno
fornito un contributo significativo (intere sezioni, capitoli o appendici):

<list>
 <item>Stefano Canepa
 <item>Era Eriksson
 <item>Carlo Perassi
 <item>Alexandre Ratti
 <item>Jaime Robles
 <item>Yotam Rubin
 <item>Frederic Schutz
 <item>Pedro Zorzenon Neto
 <item>Oohara Yuuma
 <item>Davor Ocelic
</list>


<sect>Dove trovare il manuale (e formati disponibili)
<p>
Il Securing Debian Manual può essere 
scaricato o letto nella sua ultima versione dal sito del 
<url name="Debian Documentation Project"
id="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/">.
Nel caso stiate leggendo una copia disponibile su di un altro sito, 
siete invitati a verificare il sito principale e controllare se ci sono 
informazioni più recenti. Nel caso stiate leggendo una traduzione, 
verificate che si riferisca all'ultima versione disponibile.
Nel caso la versione non sia l'ultima disponibile valutate la lettura 
della copia originale o leggete il <ref id="changelog">, per vedere 
che cosa sia cambiato.

<p>Se desiderate una versione completa del manuale potete scaricarne 
sia la <url
id="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/securing-debian-howto.it.txt"
name="versione in txt"> 
che <url id="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/securing-debian-howto.it.pdf"
name="quella in PDF"> 
dal sito del Debian Documentation Project. Quest'ultime versioni possono 
essere molto utili nel caso in cui vogliate copiarle su un dispositivo 
portatile per leggerlo offline o stamparne una copia. Sappiate che il 
manuale è di oltre duecento pagine e contiene alcuni frammenti di codice. 
A causa degli strumenti di formattazione le righe non hanno tutti gli 
"a capo" necessari nella versione PDF e potrebbero quindi risultare 
incomplete nella stampa.

<p>Nel pacchetto 
<url id="http://packages.debian.org/harden-doc" name="harden-doc">
è contenuto il documento nei formati testo semplice, html e PDF. 
Notate, comunque, che il pacchetto potrebbe non essere del tutto 
aggiornato rispetto al documento fornito sul sito Debian (ma 
potrete sempre usare il pacchetto sorgente per compilarvi 
autonomamente una versione aggiornata).


<p>Inoltre, potete fare il "check out" dei cambiamenti introdotti nel
documento facendo la revisione dei log dei controlli di versione
tramite il suo <url name="server CVS"
id="http://cvs.debian.org/ddp/manuals.sgml/securing-howto/?cvsroot=debian-doc">.


<sect>Note/Feedback organizzativi

<p>
Ed ora la parte ufficiale. Fino ad ora io (Alexander Reelsen) ho 
scritto la maggioranza dei paragrafi di questo manuale, ma è mia 
opinione che non dovrebbe continuare così.  Sono cresciuto e vivo con 
il software libero, è parte del mio uso quotidiano e immagino anche 
del vostro. Incoraggio tutti a spedirmi feedback, 
aggiunte od ogni altro tipo di suggerimento che possiate fornirmi.

<p>
Se ritenete di poter mantenere un certo capitolo o meglio una
sezione, allora scrivete al manutentore del documento e sarete i
benvenuti.  Specificatamente, se trovate in una sezione dei contrassegni
come "FIXME", questo significa che l'autore non ha il tempo o
la conoscenza necessaria sull'argomento, inviate un'email immediatamente.

<p>
L'argomento di questo manuale rende abbastanza chiara l'importanza
di mantenerlo aggiornato e ognuno può fare la propria parte. 
Per favore, contribuite.


<sect>Conoscenze preliminari


<p>
L'installazione di Debian GNU/Linux non è molto difficile e 
dovreste essere in grado di eseguirla. Se avete già alcune
conoscenze di Linux o di altri sistemi Unix e un po' di familiarità
con gli aspetti base della sicurezza, risulterà semplice
comprendere questo manuale, dal momento che questo documento non
può entrare in ogni piccolo dettaglio di ogni caratteristica presa 
in considerazione (altrimenti sarebbe stato un libro 
e non un manuale). Se non avete questa
familiarità con la materia, in ogni caso, potete dare uno sguardo in
<ref id="references">, per trovare dove reperire informazioni
più dettagliate.



<sect>Argomenti da scrivere 

<p>Questo paragrafo descrive tutte le cose che devono essere sistemate 
in questo manuale. Alcuni paragrafi includono i tag <em>FIXME</em> o 
<em>TODO</em> per descrivere quale contenuto manca (o quale tipo di 
lavoro deve essere fatto). Lo scopo di questo paragrafo è
descrivere tutte quelle cose che in futuro potrebbero essere incluse
in questo manuale o miglioramenti che devono essere fatti (o dovrebbero 
essere aggiunti).

<p>Se pensate di poter fornire aiuto nel contribuire con contenuti per 
sistemare alcuni degli elementi della lista (o le note incluse) contattate 
l'autore principale (<ref id="authors">).
  
<list>

<item>Aumentare le informazioni sulla "reazione agli incidenti", magari
aggiungendo qualche idea tratta dal RedHat Security Guide
<url id="http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-9-Manual/security-guide/ch-response.html" name="capitolo sulla reazione agli incidenti">.

<item>
<p>Scrivere in merito agli strumenti di monitoraggio remoto
(per controllare la disponibilità del sistema)
come  <package>monit</package>, <package>daemontools</package> 
e <package>mon</package>. Vedete
<url id="http://linux.oreillynet.com/pub/a/linux/2002/05/09/sysadminguide.html">.

<item>
<p>Considerare l'opportunità di scrivere una sezione riguardante la
costruzione di applicazioni di rete basate su Debian (completa di
informazioni su sistema di base, <package>equivs</package> e FAI).

<item>
<p>Controllare se 
<url id="http://www.giac.org/practical/gsec/Chris_Koutras_GSEC.pdf"> 
contiene informazioni rilevanti non ancora trattate qui.

<item>
<p>Aggiungere informazioni su come configurare un laptop con Debian 
<url id="http://www.giac.org/practical/gcux/Stephanie_Thomas_GCUX.pdf">.


<item>
<p>Aggiungere informazioni su come installare un firewall usando
Debian GNU/Linux. La sezione riguardante il firewalling è
attualmente orientata verso un singolo sistema (non
proteggendo gli altri...) e inoltre scrivere su come collaudare
l'installazione.

<item>
<p>Aggiungere informazioni su come configurare un proxy firewall
con Debian GNU/Linux partendo specificatamente da pacchetti
che forniscono servizi di proxy (come 
<package>xfwp</package>,
<package>ftp-proxy</package>, <package>redir</package>,
<package>smtpd</package>,
<package>dnrd</package>, <package>jftpgw</package>, <package>oops</package>,
<package>pdnsd</package>, <package>perdition</package>,
<package>transproxy</package>, <package>tsocks</package>).
Si dovrebbe puntare al manuale per ogni altra informazione. Notate che 
<package>zorp</package> è ora disponibile come pacchetto Debian ed
<em>è</em> un proxy firewall (vengono anche forniti pacchetti Debian upstream).


<item>Informazioni sulla configurazione dei servizi con i file-rc.

<item>Controllare tutte le URL di riferimento e
rimuovere/correggere quelle non più disponibili.

<item>Aggiungere informazioni sui sostituti disponibili (in
Debian) per i server comuni, utili per limitate funzionalità. 
Per esempio:

	<list>
	<item>lpr locale con cups (pacchetto)?
	<item>lrp remoto con lpr
	<item>bind con dnrd/maradns
	<item>apache con dhttpd/thttpd/wn (tux?)
	<item>exim/sendmail con ssmtpd/smtpd/postfix
	<item>squid con tinyproxy
	<item>ftpd con oftpd/vsftp
	<item>...
	</list>

<item>
<p>Maggiori informazioni sulle patch per il kernel
concernenti la sicurezza in Debian, incluse quelle mostrate
sopra, ed informazioni specifiche su come rendere
attive queste patch in un sistema Debian.

<list>
<item>Linux Intrusion Detection (<package>kernel-patch-2.4-lids</package>)
<item>Linux Trustees (nel pacchetto <package>trustees</package>)
<item><url name="NSA Enhanced Linux" id="http://wiki.debian.org/SELinux">
<item><package>linux-patch-openswan</package>
</list>

<item>
<p>Dettagli su come disattivare servizi di rete non necessari (a
parte <prgn>inetd</prgn>) vengono trattati in parte nelle procedure 
di irrobustimento ma potrebbero essere estesi un po'.

<item>
<p>Informazioni riguardanti la rotazione delle password che è
strettamente collegato alle policy (convenzioni adottate in Debian).

<item>Policy ed educazione degli utenti al riguardo.

<item>Maggior dettagli per i tcpwrapper e i wrapper in generale?

<item><file>hosts.equiv</file> e altri importanti buchi di sicurezza.

<item>Informazioni sui server di condivisione dei file come Samba ed NFS?

<item>suidmanager/dpkg-statoverrides.

<item>lpr e lprng.

<item>Disabilitare le "cose" IP di GNOME

<item>
<p>Scrivere su pam_chroot (vedete in
<url id="http://lists.debian.org/debian-security/2002/debian-security-200205/msg00011.html">)
e la sua utilità per limitare gli utenti. Introdurre
informazioni relative a 
<url id="http://online.securityfocus.com/infocus/1575">.
<package>pdmenu</package>, per esempio è disponibile in Debian (mentre
flash non lo è).

<item>
Scrivere sui servizi di chrooting, alcune informazioni sono presso:
<url id="http://www.linuxfocus.org/English/January2002/article225.shtml">,
<url id="http://www.nuclearelephant.com/papers/chroot.html"> e
<url id="http://www.linuxsecurity.com/feature_stories/feature_story-99.html">.

<item>
Scrivere in merito a programmi per realizzare gabbie chroot come 
<package>compartment</package>, <package>chrootuid</package>, 
<package>makejail</package> e <package>jailer</package> che sono
già in Debian.

<item>
Maggiori informazioni su software per l'analisi dei
log (per esempio logcheck e logcolorise).

<item>
Routing "avanzato" (le politiche di traffico sono connesse alla
sicurezza).

<item>
Limitare l'accesso in <prgn>ssh</prgn> per eseguire solo alcuni comandi.

<item>
Usare dpkg-statoverride.

<item>
Un modo sicuro per condividere un masterizzatore tra gli
utenti.

<item>
Modi sicuri per fornire suoni sulla rete in aggiunta alle
capacità di display di rete (così che i suoni dei client X
siano eseguiti sull'hardware del server X).

<item>Rendere sicuri i web browser.

<item>Impostare ftp su <prgn>ssh</prgn>.

<item>Usare un loopback file system crittografato.

<item>Crittografare l'intero file system.

<item>Strumenti steganografici.

<item>Impostare un PKA per un'organizzazione.

<item>
<p>Utilizzare LDAP per gestire gli utenti. Esiste un HOWTO di
ldap+kerberos per Debian presso <url id="http://www.bayour.com">,
scritto da Turbo Fredrikson.

<item>
<p>Come rimuovere le informazioni di scarsa utilità nei sistemi
in produzione come <file>/usr/share/doc</file>, 
<file>/usr/share/man</file> (sì, sicurezza tramite riservatezza).

<item>
<p>Maggiori informazioni su lcap basate sul file README dei
pacchetti (bene, non ancora, vedete il
<url id="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=169465" 
name="Bug #169465">)
e dall'articolo da LWN: <url id="http://lwn.net/1999/1202/kernel.php3" 
name="Kernel development">.

<item>
<p>Aggiungere l'articolo di Add Colin's su come configurare un ambiente 
in chroot per un sistema Sid completo
(<url id="http://people.debian.org/~walters/chroot.html">).

<item>
<p>Aggiungere informazioni su come attivare più sensori 
<prgn>snort</prgn> in un dato sistema (controllare i rapporti sui bachi 
spediti da <package>snort</package>).

<item>Aggiungere informazioni su come configurare una 
honeypot (<package>honeyd</package>).

<item>Descrivere la situazione wrt rispetto a FreeSwan (orfano) 
ed OpenSwan. La sezione VPN necessita di una riscrittura.

<item>Aggiungere una sezione specifica sui database, la loro corrente 
installazione predefinita e come garantirne un accesso sicuro.

<item>Aggiungere una sezione che si occupi dei vantaggi circa 
l'utilizzo dei server virtuali (come Xen e gli altri).

<item>Spiegare come utilizzare degli analizzatori d'integrità
(AIDE, integrit o samhain). Le basi sono semplici e si 
potrebbero anche spiegare i dettagli di alcune buone configurazioni.


</list>







<sect id="changelog">Changelog/History

<sect1>Version 3.13 (Februrary 2008)

<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.

<list>

<item>Change URLs pointing to Bastille Linux since the domain has been 
<url id="http://www.bastille-unix.org/press-release-newname.html" name="purchased by a cybersquatter">.

<item>Fix pointers to Linux Ramen and Lion worms.

<item>Use linux-image in the examples instead of the (old) kernel-image packages.

<item>Fix typos spotted by Francesco Poli.

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.12 (August 2007)

<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.

<list>

<item>Update the information related to security updates. Drop the text talking
about Tiger and include information on the update-notifier and adept tools (for Desktops) as well as debsecan. Also include some pointers to other tools
available.

<item>Divide the firewall applications based on target users and add fireflier to the Desktop firewall applications list.

<item>Remove references to libsafe, it's not in the archive any loger (was
removed january 2006)

<item>Fix the location of syslog's configuration, thanks to John Talbut.

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.11 (January 2007)

<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña. Thanks go to Francesco Poli for
his extensive review of the document.

<list>

<item>Remove most references to the woody release as it is no longer available
(in the archive) and security support for it is no longer available.

<item>Describe how to restrict users so that they can only do file transfers.
<item>Added a note regarding the debian-private declasiffication decission.
<item>Updated link of incident handling guides.
<item>Added a note saying that development tools (compilers, etc.) are not 
installed now in the default 'etch' installation.
<item>Fix references to the master security server.
<item>Add pointers to additional APT-secure documentation
<item>Improve the description of APT signatures
<item>Comment out some things which are not yet final related to the mirror's
official public keys.
<item>Fixed name of the Debian Testing Security Team.
<item>Remove reference to sarge in an example.
<item>Update the antivirus section, clamav is now available on the release.
      Also mention the f-prot installer
<item>Removes all references to freeswan as it is obsolete
<item>Describe issues related to ruleset changes to the firewall if done
    remotely and provide some tips (in footnotes)
<item>Update the information related to the IDS installation, mention BASE
      and the need to setup a logging database.
<item>Rewrite the "running bind as a non-root user" section as this no longer
      applies to Bind9. Also remove the reference to the init.d script since
      the changes need to be done through /etc/default.
<item>Remove the obsolete way to setup iptables rulesets as woody is no longer
      supported.
<item>Revert the advice regarding LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB it should be set to
      'no' (as per default).
<item>Added more information related to updating the system with desktop
      tools (including update-notifier) and describe aptitude usage to update
      the system. Also note that dselect is deprecated.
<item>Updated the contents of the FAQ and remove redundant paragraphs.
<item>Review and update the section related to forensic analysis of
      malware.
<item>Remove or fix some dead links.
<item>Fix many typos and gramatical errors reported by Francesco Poli.

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.10 (November 2006)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>

<item>Provide examples using apt-cache's rdepends as suggested by Ozer Sarilar.

<item>Fix location of Squid's user's manual because of its relocation as notified
by Oskar Pearson (its maintainer).

<item>Fix information regarding umask, it's logins.defs (and not limits.conf)
where this can be configured for all login connections. Also state what
is Debian's default and what would be a more restrictive value for both
users and root. Thanks to Reinhard Tartler for spotting the bug.

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.9 (October 2006)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña

<list>

<item>Add information on how to track security vulnerabilities and add
references to the Debian Testing Security Tracker.

<item>Add more information on the security support for testing.

<item>Fix a large number of typos with a patch provided by Simon Brandmair.

<item>Added section on how to disable root prompt on initramfs provided by Max
Attems.

<item>Remove references to queso.

<item>Note that testing is now security-supported in the introduction.

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.8 (July 2006)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña

<list>

<item>Rewrote the information on how to setup ssh chroots to clarify the
different options available, thank to Bruce Park for bringing up the
different mistakes in this appendix.

<item>Fix lsof call as suggested by Christophe Sahut.

<item>Include patches for typo fixes from Uwe Hermann.

<item>Fix typo in reference spotted by Moritz Naumann.

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.7 (April 2006)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña

<list>
<item>Add a section on Debian Developer's best practices for security.

<item>Ammended firewall script with comments from WhiteGhost.

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.6 (March 2006)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña

<list>
<item>Included a patch from Thomas Sjögren which describes that <tt>noexec</tt> works 
as expected with "new" kernels, adds information regarding tempfile handling, and
some new pointers to external documentation.

<item>Add a pointer to Dan Farmer's and Wietse Venema's forensic discovery web
site, as suggested by Freek Dijkstra, and expanded a little bit the forensic
analysis section with more pointers.

<item>Fixed URL of Italy's CERT, thanks to Christoph Auer.

<item>Reuse Joey Hess' information at the wiki on secure apt and introduce it
in the infrastructure section.

<item>Review sections referring to old versions (woody or potato)

<item>Fix some cosmetic issues with patch from Simon Brandmair.

<item>Included patches from Carlo Perassi: acl patches are obsolete,
openwall patches are obsolete too, removed fixme notes about 2.2 and 2.4 series
kernels, hap is obsolete (and not present in WNPP), remove references
to Immunix (StackGuard is now in Novell's hands), and fix a FIXME
about the use of bsign or elfsign.

<item>Updated references to SElinux web pages to point to the Wiki (currently
the most up to date source of information)

<item>Include file tags and make a more consistent use of "MD5 sum" with a patch
from Jens Seidel.

<item>Patch from Joost van Baal improving the information on the firewall section
(pointing to the wiki instead of listing all firewall packages available) (Closes: #339865)

<item>Review the FAQ section on vulnerability stats, thanks to Carlos Galisteo de Cabo
for pointing out that it was out of date.

<item>Use the quote from the Social Contract 1.1 instead of 1.0 as suggested by
Francesco Poli.

</list>

</sect1>

<sect1>Version 3.5 (November 2005)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña

<list>
<item>Note on the SSH section that the chroot will not work if using the nodev option
in the partition and point to the latest ssh packages with the chroot patch, thanks
to Lutz Broedel for pointing these issues out.

<item>Fix typo spotted by Marcos Roberto Greiner (md5sum should be sha1sum in code snippet)

<item>Included Jens Seidel's patch fixing a number of package names and typos.

<item>Slightly update of the tools section, removed tools no longer available and
added some new ones.

<item>Rewrite parts of the section related to where to find this document and
what formats are available (the website does provide a PDF version). Also note
that copies on other sites and translations might be obsolete (many of the
Google hits for the manual in other sites are actually out of date).

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.4 (August-September 2005)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña

<list>

<item>Improved the after installation security enhancements related to
kernel configuration for network level protection with a sysctl.conf
file provided by Will Moy.

<item>Improved the gdm section, thanks to Simon Brandmair.

<item>Typo fixes from Frédéric Bothamy and Simon Brandmair.

<item>Improvements in the after installation sections related to
how to generate the MD5 (or SHA-1) sums of binaries for periodic review.

<item>Updated the after installation sections regarding checksecurity
configuration (was out of date).

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.3 (June 2005)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña

<list>

<item>Added a code snippet to use grep-available to generate the list
of packages depending on Perl. As requested in #302470.

<item>Rewrite of the section on network services (which ones are
installed and how to disable them)

<item>Added more information to the honeypot deployment section
mentioning useful Debian packages.

</list>

<sect1>Version 3.2 (March 2005)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>
<item>Expanded the PAM configuration limits section. 
<item>Added information on how to use pam_chroot for openssh (based on
pam_chroot's README)
<item>Fixed some minor issues reported by Dan Jacobson.
<item>Updated the kernel patches information partially based on a patch
from Carlo Perassi and also by adding deprecation notes and new kernel
patches available (adamantix)
<item>Included patch from Simon Brandmair that fixes a sentence related
to login failures in terminal.
<item>Added Mozilla/Thunderbird to the valid GPG agents as suggested by
Kapolnai Richard.
<item>Expanded the section on security updates mentioning library and
kernel updates and how to detect when services need to be restarted.
<item>Rewrote the firewall section, moved the information that applies
to woody down and expand the other sections including some information
on how to manually set the firewall (with a sample script) and how
to test the firewall configuration.
<item>Added some information preparing for the 3.1 release.
<item>Added more detailed information on kernel upgrades, specifically
targeted at those that used the old installation system.
<item>Added a small section on the experimental apt 0.6 release which
provides package signing checks. Moved old content to the section
and also added a pointer to changes made in aptitude.
<item>Typo fixes spotted by Frédéric Bothamy
</list>

<sect1>Version 3.1 (January 2005)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>
<item>Added clarification to ro /usr with patch from Joost van Baal
<item>Apply patch from Jens Seidel fixing many typos.
<item>FreeSWAN is dead, long live OpenSWAN.
<item>Added information on restricting access to RPC services (when
they cannot be disabled) also included patch provided by Aarre Laakso.
<item>Update aj's apt-check-sigs script.
<item>Apply patch Carlo Perassi fixing URLs.
<item>Apply patch from Davor Ocelic fixing many errors, typos, urls, grammar
and FIXMEs. Also adds some additional information to some sections.
<item>Rewrote the section on user auditing, highlight the usage of script
which does not have some of the issues associated to shell history.
</list>

<sect1>Version 3.0 (December 2004)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>
<item>Rewrote the user-auditing information and include examples on how
to use script.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.99 (March 2004)

<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>
<item>Added information on references in DSAs and CVE-Compatibility.
<item>Added information on apt 0.6 (apt-secure merge in experimental)
<item>Fixed location of Chroot daemons HOWTO as suggested by Shuying Wang.
<item>Changed APACHECTL line in the Apache chroot example (even if its
not used at all) as suggested by Leonard Norrgard.
<item>Added a footnote regarding hardlink attacks if partitions are
not setup properly.
<item>Added some missing steps in order to run bind as named as
provided by Jeffrey Prosa.
<item>Added notes about Nessus and Snort out-of-dateness in woody
 and availability of backported packages.
<item>Added a chapter regarding periodic integrity test checks.
<item>Clarified the status of testing regarding security updates.
(Debian bug 233955)
<item>Added more information regarding expected contents in securetty
(since it's kernel specific).
<item> Added pointer to snoopylogger (Debian bug 179409)
<item> Added reference to guarddog (Debian bug 170710)
<item> <prgn>apt-ftparchive</prgn> is in <package>apt-utils</package>, not in <package>apt</package> (thanks to 
Emmanuel Chantreau for pointing this out)
<item>Removed jvirus from AV list.
</list>
</sect1>

<sect1>Version 2.98 (December 2003)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>
<item>Fixed URL as suggested by Frank Lichtenheld.
<item>Fixed PermitRootLogin typo as suggested by  Stefan Lindenau.
</list>

</sect1>
<sect1>Version 2.97 (September 2003)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>

<item>Added those that have made the most significant contributions to
this manual (please mail me if you think you should be in the list and
are not).

<item>Added some blurb about FIXME/TODOs

<item>Moved the information on security updates to the beginning of
the section as suggested by Elliott Mitchell.

<item>Added grsecurity to the list of kernel-patches for security but
added a footnote on the current issues with it as suggested by Elliott
Mitchell.

<item>Removed loops (echo to 'all') in the kernel's network security
script as suggested by Elliott Mitchell.

<item>Added more (up-to-date) information in the antivirus section.

<item>Rewrote the buffer overflow protection section and added more
information on patches to the compiler to enable this kind of
protection.

</list>


<sect1>Version 2.96 (August 2003)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>
<item>Removed (and then re-added) appendix on chrooting Apache. The appendix
is now dual-licensed.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.95 (June 2003)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>
<item>Fixed typos spotted by Leonard Norrgard.
<item>Added a section on how to contact CERT for incident handling
(<url id="#after-compromise">)
<item>More information on setting up a Squid proxy.
<item>Added a pointer and removed a FIXME thanks to Helge H. F.
<item>Fixed a typo (save_inactive) spotted by  Philippe Faes.
<item>Fixed several typos spotted by Jaime Robles.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.94 (April 2003)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña
<list>
<item>Following Maciej Stachura's suggestions I've expanded the section on
limiting users.
<item>Fixed typo spotted by Wolfgang Nolte.
<item>Fixed links with patch contributed by Ruben Leote Mendes.
<item>Added a link to David Wheeler's excellent document on the footnote
about counting security vulnerabilities.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.93 (March 2003)
<p>Changes made by  Frédéric Schütz.
<list>
<item>rewrote entirely the section of ext2 attributes
(lsattr/chattr)
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.92 (February 2003)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña and
Frédéric Schütz.
<list>
<item>Merge section 9.3 ("useful kernel patches") into section 4.13 ("Adding
   kernel patches"), and added some content.
<item>Added a few more TODOs
<item>Added information on how to manually check for updates and also about
cron-apt. That way Tiger is not perceived as the only way to do automatic
update checks.
<item>Slightly rewrite of the section on executing a security updates due
to Jean-Marc Ranger comments.
<item>Added a note on Debian's installation (which will suggest the user
to execute a security update right after installation)
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.91 (January/February 2003)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña (me).
<list>
<item>Added a patch contributed by Frédéric Schütz.
<item>Added a few more references on capabilities thanks to Frédéric.
<item>Slight changes in the bind section adding a reference to BIND's 9
online documentation and proper references in the first area (Hi Pedro!)
<item>Fixed the changelog date - new year :-)
<item>Added a reference to Colin's articles for the TODOs.
<item>Removed reference to old ssh+chroot patches.
<item>More patches from Carlo Perassi.
<item>Typo fixes (recursive in Bind is recursion), pointed out by 
Maik Holtkamp.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.9 (December 2002)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña (me).
<list>
<item>Reorganized the information on chroot (merged two sections, it
didn't make much sense to have them separated)
<item>Added the notes on chrooting Apache provided by Alexandre Ratti.
<item>Applied patches contributed by Guillermo Jover.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.8 (November 2002)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña (me).
<list>
<item>Applied patches from Carlo Perassi, fixes include: re-wrapping the
lines, URL fixes, and fixed some FIXMEs
<item>Updated the contents of the Debian security team FAQ.
<item>Added a link to the Debian security team FAQ and the Debian Developer's
reference, the duplicated sections might (just might) be removed in the future.
<item>Fixed the hand-made auditing section with comments from Michal Zielinski.
<item>Added links to wordlists (contributed by Carlo Perassi)
<item>Fixed some typos (still many around).
<item>Fixed TDP links as suggested by John Summerfield.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.7 (October 2002)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña (me).  Note: I still
have a lot of pending changes in my mailbox (which is currently
about 5 Mbs in size).
<list>
<item>Some typo fixes contributed by Tuyen Dinh, Bartek Golenko and 
Daniel K. Gebhart.
<item>Note regarding /dev/kmem rootkits contributed by Laurent Bonnaud 
<item>Fixed typos and FIXMEs contributed by Carlo Perassi.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.6 (September 2002)
<p>Changes by Chris Tillman, tillman@voicetrak.com. 
<list>
<item>Changed around to improve grammar/spelling.
<item>s/host.deny/hosts.deny/ (1 place)
<item>Applied Larry Holish's patch (quite big, fixes a lot of FIXMEs)
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.5 (September 2002)
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña (me). 
<list>
<item>Fixed minor typos submitted by Thiemo Nagel.
<item>Added a footnote suggested by Thiemo Nagel.
<item>Fixed an URL link.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.5 (August 2002)

<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña (me). There were many
things waiting on my inbox (as far back as February) to be included,
so I'm going to tag this the <em>back from honeymoon</em> release :)

<list>

<item>Applied a patch contributed by Philipe Gaspar regarding the
Squid which also kills a FIXME.

<item>Yet another FAQ item regarding service banners taken from the
debian-security mailing list (thread "Telnet information" started 26th
July 2002).

<item>Added a note regarding use of CVE cross references in the
<em>How much time does the Debian security team...</em> FAQ item.


<item>Added a new section regarding ARP attacks contributed by Arnaud
"Arhuman" Assad.

<item>New FAQ item regarding dmesg and console login by the kernel. 

<item>Small tidbits of information to the signature-checking issues in
packages (it seems to not have gotten past beta release).

<item>New FAQ item regarding vulnerability assessment tools false
positives.

<item>Added new sections to the chapter that contains information on
package signatures and reorganized it as a new <em>Debian Security
Infrastructure</em> chapter.

<item>New FAQ item regarding Debian vs. other Linux distributions.

<item>New section on mail user agents with GPG/PGP functionality in the
security tools chapter.

<item>Clarified how to enable MD5 passwords in woody, added a pointer
to PAM as well as a note regarding the max definition in PAM.

<item>Added a new appendix on how to create chroot environments (after
fiddling a bit with makejail and fixing, as well, some of its bugs),
integrated duplicate information in all the appendix. 

<item>Added some more information regarding <PRGN>SSH</PRGN> chrooting and its
impact on secure file transfers.  Some information has been retrieved
from the debian-security mailing list (June 2002 thread: <em>secure
file transfers</em>).

<item>New sections on how to do automatic updates on Debian systems as
well as the caveats of using testing or unstable regarding security updates.

<item>New section regarding keeping up to date with security patches
in the <em>Before compromise</em> section as well as a new section
about the debian-security-announce mailing list.

<item>Added information on how to automatically generate strong passwords.

<item>New section regarding login of idle users.

<item>Reorganized the securing mail server section based on the
<em>Secure/hardened/minimal Debian (or "Why is the base system the way
it is?")</em> thread on the debian-security mailing list (May 2002).

<item>Reorganized the section on kernel network parameters, with
information provided in the debian-security mailing list (May 2002,
<em>syn flood attacked?</em> thread) and added a new FAQ item as well.

<item>New section on how to check users passwords and which packages
to install for this.

<item>New section on PPTP encryption with Microsoft clients discussed
in the debian-security mailing list (April 2002).

<item>Added a new section describing what problems are there when binding any 
given service to a specific IP address, this information was written based on 
the Bugtraq mailing list in the thread: <em>Linux kernel 2.4 "weak end host" 
issue (previously discussed on debian-security as "arp problem")</em> (started 
on May 9th 2002 by Felix von Leitner).

<item>Added information on <prgn>ssh</prgn> protocol version 2.

<item>Added two subsections related to Apache secure configuration
(the things specific to Debian, that is).

<item>Added a new FAQ related to raw sockets, one related to /root, an
item related to users' groups and another one related to log and
configuration files permissions.

<item>Added a pointer to a bug in libpam-cracklib that might still be
open... (need to check)

<item>Added more information regarding forensics analysis (pending more 
information on packet inspection tools such as <prgn>tcpflow</prgn>).

<item>Changed the "what should I do regarding compromise" into a bullet
list and included some more stuff.

<item>Added some information on how to set up the Xscreensaver to lock
the screen automatically after the configured timeout.

<item>Added a note related to the utilities you should not install in
the system. Included a note regarding Perl and why it cannot be
easily removed in Debian. The idea came after reading Intersect's
documents regarding Linux hardening.

<item>Added information on lvm and journalling file systems, ext3
recommended. The information there might be too generic, however. 

<item>Added a link to the online text version (check).

<item>Added some more stuff to the information on firewalling the
local system, triggered by a comment made by Hubert Chan in the mailing list.

<item>Added more information on PAM limits and pointers to Kurt
Seifried's documents (related to a post by him to Bugtraq on April 4th
2002 answering a person that had ``discovered'' a vulnerability in
Debian GNU/Linux related to resource starvation).

<item>As suggested by Julián Muñoz, provided more information on the
default Debian umask and what a user can access if he has been given a
shell in the system (scary, huh?)

<item>Included a note in the BIOS password section due to a comment
from Andreas Wohlfeld.

<item>Included patches provided by Alfred E. Heggestad fixing many of
the typos still present in the document.

<item>Added a pointer to the changelog in the Credits section since
most people who contribute are listed here (and not there).

<item>Added a few more notes to the chattr section and a new section
after installation talking about system snapshots. Both ideas were
contributed by Kurt Pomeroy.

<item>Added a new section after installation just to remind users to
change the boot-up sequence.

<item>Added some more TODO items provided by Korn Andras.

<item>Added a pointer to the NIST's guidelines on how to secure DNS
provided by Daniel Quinlan.

<item>Added a small paragraph regarding Debian's SSL certificates
infrastructure.

<item>Added Daniel Quinlan's suggestions regarding <prgn>ssh</prgn> 
authentication and exim's relay configuration.

<item>Added more information regarding securing bind including changes
suggested by Daniel Quinlan and an appendix with a script to make some of the
changes commented on in that section.

<item>Added a pointer to another item regarding Bind chrooting (needs to be 
merged).

<item>Added a one liner contributed by Cristian Ionescu-Idbohrn to
retrieve packages with tcpwrappers support.

<item>Added a little bit more info on Debian's default PAM setup.

<item>Included a FAQ question about using PAM to provide services without
shell accounts.

<item>Moved two FAQ items to another section and added a new FAQ
regarding attack detection (and compromised systems).

<item>Included information on how to set up a bridge firewall
(including a sample Appendix). Thanks to Francois Bayart who sent
this to me in March.

<item>Added a FAQ regarding the syslogd's <em>MARK</em>
<em>heartbeat</em> from a question answered by Noah Meyerhans and
Alain Tesio in December 2001.

<item>Included information on buffer overflow protection as well as
some information on kernel patches.

<item>Added more information (and reorganized) the firewall
section. Updated the information regarding the iptables package and
the firewall generators available.

<item>Reorganized the information regarding log checking, moved
logcheck information from host intrusion detection to that section.

<item>Added some information on how to prepare a static package for
bind for chrooting (untested).

<item>Added a FAQ item regarding some specific servers/services 
(could be expanded with some of the
recommendations from the debian-security list).

<item>Added some information on RPC services (and when it's necessary).

<item>Added some more information on capabilities (and what lcap does). 
Is there any good documentation on this? I haven't found any documentation on 
my 2.4 kernel.

<item>Fixed some typos.

</list>

<sect1>Version 2.4
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Rewritten part of the BIOS section.
</list>

<sect1>Version 2.3
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Wrapped most file locations with the file tag.
<item>Fixed typo noticed by Edi Stojicevi.
<item>Slightly changed the remote audit tools section.
<item>Added some todo items.
<item>Added more information regarding printers and cups config file
(taken from a thread on debian-security).
<item>Added a patch submitted by Jesus Climent regarding access of
valid system users to Proftpd when configured as anonymous server.
<item>Small change on partition schemes for the special case of mail
servers.
<item>Added Hacking Linux Exposed to the books section.
<item>Fixed directory typo noticed by Eduardo Pérez Ureta.
<item>Fixed /etc/ssh typo in checklist noticed by Edi Stojicevi.
</list>
<sect1>Version 2.3
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Fixed location of dpkg conffile.
<item>Remove Alexander from contact information.
<item>Added alternate mail address.
<item>Fixed Alexander mail address (even if commented out).
<item>Fixed location of release keys (thanks to Pedro Zorzenon for pointing 
this out).
</list>
<sect1>Version 2.2
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Fixed typos, thanks to Jamin W. Collins.
<item>Added a reference to apt-extracttemplate manpage
(documents the APT::ExtractTemplate config).
<item>Added section about restricted SSH. Information based on that
posted by  Mark Janssen, Christian G. Warden and Emmanuel Lacour on
the debian-security mailing list.
<item>Added information on antivirus software.
<item>Added a FAQ: su logs due to the cron running as root.
</list>
<sect1>Version 2.1
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Changed FIXME from lshell thanks to Oohara Yuuma.
<item>Added package to sXid and removed comment since it *is* available.
<item>Fixed a number of typos discovered by Oohara Yuuma.
<item>ACID is now available in Debian (in the acidlab package)
 thanks to Oohara Yuuma for noticing.
<item>Fixed LinuxSecurity links (thanks to Dave Wreski for telling).
</list>
<sect1>Version 2.0
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña. I wanted to 
change to 2.0 when all the FIXMEs were fixed but I ran out
of 1.9X numbers :(
<list>
<item>Converted the HOWTO into a Manual (now I can properly say RTFM)

<item>Added more information regarding tcp wrappers and Debian (now
many services are compiled with support for them so it's no longer
an <prgn>inetd</prgn> issue).

<item>Clarified the information on disabling services to make it more
consistent (rpc info still referred to update-rc.d)

<item>Added small note on lprng.

<item>Added some more info on compromised servers (still very rough)

<item>Fixed typos reported by Mark Bucciarelli.

<item>Added some more steps in password recovery to cover the cases
when the admin has set paranoid-mode=on.

<item>Added some information to set paranoid-mode=on when login in
console.

<item>New paragraph to introduce service configuration.

<item>Reorganized the <em>After installation</em> section so it is
more broken up into several issues and it's easier to read.

<item>Wrote information on how to set up firewalls with the standard
Debian 3.0 setup (iptables package).

<item>Small paragraph explaining why installing connected to the
Internet is not a good idea and how to avoid this using Debian tools.

<item>Small paragraph on timely patching referencing to IEEE paper.

<item>Appendix on how to set up a Debian snort box, based on what Vladimir
sent to the debian-security mailing list (September 3rd 2001)

<item>Information on how logcheck is set up in Debian and how it can be
used to set up HIDS.

<item>Information on user accounting and profile analysis.

<item>Included apt.conf configuration for read-only /usr copied from Olaf
Meeuwissen's post to the debian-security mailing list

<item>New section on VPN with some pointers and the packages available
in Debian (needs content on how to set up the VPNs and Debian-specific
issues), based on Jaroslaw Tabor's and Samuli Suonpaa's post to
debian-security.

<item>Small note regarding some programs to automatically build chroot jails

<item>New FAQ item regarding identd based on a discussion in the
debian-security mailing list (February 2002, started by Johannes Weiss).

<item>New FAQ item regarding <prgn>inetd</prgn> based on a discussion in the
debian-security mailing list (February 2002).

<item>Introduced note on rcconf in the "disabling services" section.

<item>Varied the approach regarding LKM, thanks to Philipe Gaspar 

<item>Added pointers to CERT documents and Counterpane resources
</list>

<sect1>Version 1.99
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Added a new FAQ item regarding time to fix security vulnerabilities.
<item>Reorganized FAQ sections.
<item>Started writing a section regarding firewalling in Debian GNU/Linux
(could be broadened a bit)
<item>Fixed typos sent by Matt Kraai
<item>Fixed DNS information
<item>Added information on whisker and nbtscan to the auditing section.
<item>Fixed some wrong URLs
</list>
<sect1>Version 1.98
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Added a new section regarding auditing using Debian GNU/Linux.
<item>Added info regarding finger daemon taken from the security mailing list.
</list>
<sect1>Version 1.97
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Fixed link for Linux Trustees
<item>Fixed typos (patches from Oohara Yuuma and Pedro Zorzenon)
</list>

<sect1>Version 1.96
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>

<item>Reorganized service installation and removal and added some new notes.

<item>Added some notes regarding using integrity checkers as intrusion
detection tools.

<item>Added a chapter regarding package signatures.

</list>

<sect1>Version 1.95
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>

<item>Added notes regarding Squid security sent by Philipe Gaspar.

<item>Fixed rootkit links thanks to Philipe Gaspar.

</list>

<sect1>Version 1.94
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>

<item>Added some notes regarding Apache and Lpr/lpng.

<item>Added some information regarding noexec and read-only partitions.

<item>Rewrote how users can help in Debian security issues (FAQ item).
</list>

<sect1>Version 1.93
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>

<item>Fixed location of mail program.

<item>Added some new items to the FAQ.
</list>

<sect1>Version 1.92
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>

<item>Added a small section on how Debian handles security

<item>Clarified MD5 passwords (thanks to `rocky')

<item>Added some more information regarding harden-X from Stephen van Egmond

<item>Added some new items to the FAQ

</list>

<sect1>Version 1.91
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>

<item>Added some forensics information sent by Yotam Rubin.

<item>Added information on how to build a honeynet using Debian GNU/Linux.

<item>Added some more TODOS.

<item>Fixed more typos (thanks Yotam!)

</list>

<sect1>Version 1.9
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>

<item>Added patch to fix misspellings and some new information (contributed
by Yotam Rubin)

<item>Added references to other online (and offline) documentation both in a 
section (see <ref id="references">) by itself and inline in some sections.

<item>Added some information on configuring Bind options to restrict
access to the DNS server.

<item>Added information on how to automatically harden a Debian system
(regarding the harden package and bastille).

<item>Removed some done TODOs and added some new ones.

</list>

<sect1>Version 1.8
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>

<item>Added the default user/group list provided by Joey Hess to the
debian-security mailing list.

<item>Added information on LKM root-kits (<ref id="LKM">)
 contributed by Philipe Gaspar.

<item>Added information on Proftp contributed by Emmanuel Lacour. 

<item>Recovered the checklist Appendix from Era Eriksson.

<item>Added some new TODO items and removed other fixed ones.

<item>Manually included Era's patches since they were not all included in 
the previous version.

</list>
<sect1>Version 1.7
<p>Changes by Era Eriksson.
<list>
<item>Typo fixes and wording changes
</list>
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Minor changes to tags in order to keep on removing the tt tags
and substitute prgn/package tags for them.
</list>

<sect1>Version 1.6 
<p>Changes by Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.
<list>
<item>Added pointer to document as published in the DDP (should
supersede the original in the near future) 
<item>Started a mini-FAQ
(should be expanded) with some questions recovered from my mailbox.
<item>Added general information to consider while securing.
<item>Added a paragraph regarding local (incoming) mail delivery.
<item>Added some pointers to more information.  
<item>Added information regarding the printing service.  
<item>Added a security hardening checklist.  
<item>Reorganized NIS and RPC information.
<item>Added some notes taken while reading this document on my new
Visor :) 
<item>Fixed some badly formatted lines.  
<item>Fixed some typos.  
<item>Added a Genius/Paranoia idea contributed by Gaby
Schilders.
</list>
<sect1>Version 1.5 

<p>Changes by Josip Rodin and Javier Fernández-Sanguino Peña.

<list>
<item>Added paragraphs related to BIND and some FIXMEs.  <!-- Removed
this because I found no evidence for it in the diffs. // era Rewrote
style in order to make it more formal.  -->
</list>
<sect1>Version 1.4
    <p>
    <list>
    <item>Small setuid check paragraph <item>Various minor cleanups
    <item>Found out how to use <tt>sgml2txt -f</tt> for the txt
    version</item>
    </list>
<sect1>Version 1.3
    <p>
    <list>
    <item>Added a security update after installation paragraph
    <item>Added a proftpd paragraph 
    <item>This time really wrote something about XDM, sorry for last time
    </list>
<sect1>Version 1.2
    <p>
    <list>
    <item>Lots of grammar corrections by James Treacy, new XDM
    paragraph
    </list>
<sect1>Version 1.1
    <p>
    <list>
    <item>Typo fixes, miscellaneous additions
    </list>
<sect1>Version 1.0
    <p>
    <list>
    <item>Initial release
    </list>







<sect id="credits">Crediti e ringraziamenti!



<p>
<list>
<item>Alexander Reelsen ha scritto il documento originale.



<item>
<p>Javier Fernández-Sanguino ha aggiunto maggiori informazioni
al documento originale.

<item>
<p>Robert van der Meulen ha fornito i paragrafi su quota e molte
altre ottime idee.

<item>
<p>Ethan Benson ha corretto il paragrafo su PAM ed ha avuto alcune
buone idee.

<item>
<p>Dariusz Puchalak ha contribuito con informazioni in diversi
capitoli.

<item>
<p>Gaby Schilders ha contribuito con una simpatica idea su
Genius/Paranoia.

<item>
<p>Era Eriksson ha raffinato il linguaggio in un gran numero di
sezioni ed ha contribuito all'appendice checklist.

<item>
<p>Philipe Gaspar ha scritto le informazioni su LKM.

<item>
<p>Yotam Rubin ha contribuito correggendo molti errori di
battitura e anche fornendo le informazioni concernenti le
versioni di bind e le password MD5.

<item>Francois Bayart ha fornito l'appendice che descrive come 
realizzare un bridge firewall.

<item>Joey Hess sul 
<url id="http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt" name="Debian Wiki">
ha scritto la sezione che descrive come lavora Secure Apt.

<item>Martin F. Krafft ha scritto sul suo blog alcune informazioni 
circa le verifiche fingerprint che sono state anche riutilizzate 
per la sezione su Secure Apt.

<item>Francesco Poli ha svolto un'approfondita revisione del manuale 
ed ha fornito molte segnalazioni ed errori di battitura che hanno 
contribuito a migliorare ed aggiornare il documento.

<item>Tutte le persone che hanno fornito suggerimenti per
miglioramenti che (alla fine) sono state incluse qui
(vedete in <ref id="changelog">).

<item>
(Alexander) Tutte le persone che mi hanno incoraggiato a
scrivere questo HOWTO (che successivamente si è trasformato in
un manuale).

<item>L'intero progetto Debian.

</list></sect></chapt>


